[Abbs71]
(*p)
Abbs, J.H. and Sussman, H.M.
"Neurophysiological Feature Detectors and Speech Perception: A Discussion of Theoretical Implications",
Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, Vol 14, 1971, pp 23-36.
- Cites that there are specific feature detection cells in human vision, and that there must be something similar for hearing: in any case, a good recognition system will be modelled on these feature extraction mechanisms
- Cites that vision has specific cells for horizontal and vertical lines
[Ahlgren71]
()
Ahlgren, R.C., Ryan, H.F. and Swonger, C.W.
"A character recognition application of an iterative procedure for feature selection",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-20, September 1971, pp 1067-1086.
[Aho75]
()
Aho, A.V. and Corasick, M.J.
"Efficient String Matching: An Aid to Bibliographic Search",
Communications of A.C.M., Vol 18, pp 333-340, 1975.
[Albano74]
()
Albano, A.
"Representation of digitized contours in terms of conic arcs and straight-line segments",
Computer Graphics Image Processing, Vol 3, 1974, pp 23-33.
- Constrained handwriting styles to make them readable by OCR
[Anderson72]
(*)
Anderson, Robert H.
"Programming on a tablet: A proposal for a new notation",
Proceedings of the symposium on Two-dimensional man-machine communication, pp 113-123.
Los Alamos, New Mexico.
Sponsored by SIGPLAN : ACM Special Interest Group on Programming Languages
-
Mentioned use of tablet GUI for a programming interface for a graphical editor: actual article discusses a block-oriented programming language, somewhat similar to that of Plamondon from about 1990.
[ANSI72]
(*p)
ANSI
"Draft standard for ANSI74",
Draft for ANSI74 standard handwriting styles, with subset character sets
[ANSI74]
(*p)
ANSI
"Character Set for Hand-Printing",
American National Standards Institute, Incorporated, Standard X3.45, 1974.
[Applicon73]
.
Applicon Incorporated
"Computerized Graphic Processing System: System User's Manual",
Applicon Incorporated, September 1973
- Sketch recognition / world's first gesture recognition user-interface: describes Ledeen gesture recognizer?
[ARRL73]
()
ARRL
"Learning the International Morse Code",
published by the American Radio Relay League, Newington, Connecticut, 1973.
- Shows preferred, rapid writing style for block-printed capital letters and digits, with stroke direction: taught by the US Military also, constrained handwriting for human recognition
[Batchelor74]
(*p)
Batchelor, B.G.
"Practical Approach to Pattern Classification",
Plenum Press, London/New York, 1974.
- Contains examples of boundary theory decision surface diagrams, but doesn't discuss it that way
- Refers to human "teacher": perceptual/cognitive ambiguity about what is an "A" vs an "H"
- Decision surfaces in multi-dimensional feature analysis (pair-wise comparison?)
- Statistics: similarity, distance, and compactness of decision surface/classification
- Implies boundary theory vs category theory
- Accidentally shows European variants of hand-written "H"
character
[BeckerPW72]
()
Becker, Peter W. and Nielsen, K.A.
"Pattern recognition using dynamic pictorial information",
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, July 1972, pp 434-437.
- Cited in Tappert's bibliography list
[BeckerPW74]
()
Becker, Peter W.
"Recognition of Patterns Using the Frequencies of Occurrence of Binary Words",
Springer Verlag, New York and Vienna, 2nd edition, 1974 (abstract only).
[Bennet75]
()
Bennet, J.R. and McDonald, J.S.
"On the measurement of curvature in a quantized environment",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-24, 1975, pp 803-820.
[Bernstein71]
()
Bernstein, Morton I.
"Computer Input Output of Two-Dimensional Notations",
Proceedings of Second Symposium on Symbolc and Algebraic Manipulation, Los Angeles, California, March 23-25, 1971.
[Bernstein75a]
()
Bernstein, M.I.
"Interactive Systems Research: Interim Report for the Period 16 September 1974 to 15 March, 1975",
System Development Corporation, Santa Monica, California, Report No SDC-TM-5243/003/00, 15 May, 1975.
- NTIS citation index
- Speech understanding system, describes acoustic-phonetic and lexical-mapping processes
[Bernstein75b]
()
Bernstein, M.I.
"Interactive Systems Research: Final Report to the Director, Advanced Research Projects Agency, for the Period 16 September 1974 to 15 September, 1975",
System Development Corporation, Santa Monica, California, Report No SDC-TM-5243/004/00, 15 November, 1975.
- NTIS citation index
- Speech understanding system, describes acoustic-phonetic and lexical-mapping processes
[Berthod74]
(*p)
Berthod, M. and Maroy, J.P.
"Morphological Features and Sequential Information in Real-time",
Proceedings of the 2nd International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, August 1974, pp 358-363.
- Refers to Blesser, et al and functional attributes
- Mentions use of pressure (actually, force) and timing (!) in recognition
[Blesser72]
(*p)
Blesser, B., and Ozonoff, D.
"A Model for the Radiologic Process",
Radiology, Vol 103 No 3, pp 515-521, June, 1972.
- Barry's paper on perception in reading medical X-rays
[Blesser73a]
(*p)
Blesser, B., Shillman, R., Cox, C., Kuklinski, T., Ventura, J., and Eden, M.
"Character Recognition Based on Phenomenological Attributes",
Visible Language, Vol 7 No 3, 1983, pp 209-223.
- Examples of attributes/features: functional closure, perceptual closure, physical closure
[Blesser73]
()
Blesser, B., Shillman, R., Kuklinski, T., Cox, C., Eden, M. and Ventra, J.
"A Theoretical Approach to Character Recognition Based on Phenomenological Attributes",
Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, 1973, pp 33-40.
- Published version of Shillman's Thesis
[Blesser74]
()
Blesser, B., Shillman, R., Kuklinski, T., Cox, C., Eden, M., and Ventura, J.
"A Theoretical Approach for Character Recognition Based on Phenomenological Attributes",
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol 6, pp 701-714.
- Character recognition based on ambiguously shaped characters or "difficult cases" of low quality
- Graphical context rules extracted via psychological experimentation
- Arguments for boundary-theory pair-wise comparison for recognition
- Contains chart of Shillman's ambiguously shaped characters
[Bouma71]
()
Bouma, H.
"Visual recognition of isolated lower case letters",
Vision Research, Vol 11, 1971, pp 459-474.
- Cited in Bozinvic89
- Milloy78 cites this for confusion/substitution errors in human recognition for lower-case characters
- Bozinovic89 cites for human recognition by outline of word (as shown in WrightG52)
[Bremermann71]
(*p)
Bremermann, H.J.
"What Mathematics Can and Cannot Do for Pattern Recognition",
in "Zeichenerkennung durch biologische und technische Systeme", Proceedings of the 4th Congress of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Kybernetik, Berlin, pp 31-44. Published by Springer-Verlag, New York, April 6-9, 1971.
- Fundamental knowledge of the brain would greatly help on pattern recognition by machine
- Difficulties in pattern recognition are generally combinatorial
- Most theoretical papers on pattern recognition are quite worthless
- Problems like handwritten character recognition are not even well-defined
- Handwritten "A"s are not mathematically defined: just what people agree on
- Qualitative and formal-language "theorems" do not help solve pattern recognition problems
- Pattern recognition theorems (perceptron/neural-net) working without quantitative combinatorial analysis
- Adaptive systems may not converge on optimum performance: stick on local maxima
- Most papers give no reasons for choice of recognition features
- Most recognition systems fail on choice of features
- Features chosen must separate patterns in recognition
- Humans do not use mathematical features, like string probabilities
- Gives fundamental reasons why polynomial mathematical features will not work
- Cybernetic recognition (measure deformation from paradigm) vs fuzzy sets vs perceptrons, etc.
- Steepest descent, other gradient methods in statistical pattern recognition fail due to local minima
- Picture grammars (linguistic scene descriptions) useless if elements cannot be identified
- Creative imagination of researchers better than statistical recognition
- Examples of nature best design inspiration in recognition
- Many papers just an exercise in fashionable recognition techniques
- "mount Bayes is overpopulated" -- critique of statistical pattern recognition
- Feature extraction plays a role in visual cortex
[Bridle73]
()
Bridle, J.S.
"An efficient elastic-template method for detecting given words in running speech",
British Acoustical Society Spring Meeting, April 1973, Chelsea College, London, Paper 73SHC3.
[Burckhardt71]
(*p)
Burckhardt, Christof W., Levrat, Bernard, and Perrin, Marie-Christine
"Character Recognition with Incremental Rate Encoding",
Kybernetik, Vol 8 No 5, 1971, pp 204-206, Germany.
- Handwriting recognition using acceleration chain codes as the feature (?)
[Caelli75]
(*p)
Caelli, Terrence M. and Finlay, David C.
"Patter discrimination of Gaussian distributions of orientation and line length parameters",
Perception and Psychophysics, 1975, Vol 16 No 3, pp 489-493
[Caskey72]
(*p)
Caskey, David L. and Coates, C.L.
"Machine Recognition of Handprinted Characters",
Electronics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Technical Report No 126, May 1, 1972.
- Broad (1972) review of problems handwriting recognition must deal with: consistent performance (gross features only are used), etc.
- Has many pages of samples of the handwriting collection they used
[Caskey73]
(*p)
Caskey, D.L. and Coates, C.L. Jr
"Machine recognition of hand-printed characters",
Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, November 1973, pp 41-49.
- Only write the ANSI standard characters: constraints
[Cataldo74]
(*p)
Cataldo, J.W.
"Lettering",
Davis Publications, Worcester Massachusetts, 1974.
- Many examples of calligraphy, hand-lettering, embellishments on basic hand-written letter forms, including stroke directions, hooks, etc.
[Chandrasekaran71]
()
Chandrasekaran, B.
"Independence of measurements and the mean recognition accuracy",
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol IT-17, 1971, pp 452-456. Corrections in Vol IT-19, 1972.
- Martin,GL90 on analysis of how well neural nets work
[ChangCY73]
()
Chang, C.Y.
"Dynamic programming as applied to feature subset selection in pattern recognition systems",
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-3, March 1973, pp 166-171.
[Chow75]
()
Chow, C.
"Effect of Line Width on recognition of V's and Y's",
S.B. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, August 1977, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology undergrad Thesis on line width and functional attributes
[ClarkRK71]
()
Clark, R.K.
"Identification System",
United States Patent 3,621,720, November 23, 1971
- Herbst76 on signature verification using tip force/pressure vs. time
[Context73]
()
Context Corporation
"OCR in Word Processing - a guide for the word processing supervisor",
9 Ray Avenue, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, 1973.
[Cooper73]
()
Cooper, Leon N.
"A Possible Organization of Animal Memory and Learning",
Collective Properties of Physical Systems, Nobel 24 (1973), pp 252-264.
[Corballis75]
()
Corballis, M.C. and Roldan, C.E.
"Detection of symmetry as a function of angular orientation",
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Vol 1, 1975, pp 221-230.
- Cited in IchikawaS84
- Angle (vertical vs horizontal) perception in humans?
[Cormack74]
()
Cormack, Elizabeth O. and Robert H.
"Stimulus configuration and line orientation in the horizontal-vertical illusion",
Perception and Psychophysics, Vol 16 No 2, 1984, pp 208-212.
- Context of adjacent lines in human perception of vertical and horizontal line length: human feature perception (many other references on this topic)
[Cox74]
(*)
Cox, C., Blesser, B., Eden, M.
"The Application of Type Font Analysis to Automatic Character Recognition",
Proceedings of the 2nd International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, Lyngby, Denmark, Aug 13-15, 1974.
- OCR: Variability is two sources: type font, and scanner/ink effects. Most variability among characters describable in terms of stylistic consistency. Stated aim of pre-processing is to reduce variability recognizer must deal with. Adaptive recognition should analyze for stylistic consistency as a separate variable, and separate variability from recognition. Variability model is NOT same as picture grammar approach.
[Crane75a]
(*)
Crane, Hewitt David, and Savoie, Robert Ellis
"Handwriting System",
United States Patent 3,930,229, December 30, 1975, assigned to Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California.
- SRI/Crane's accelerometer-pen character recognition
- Uses ULDR chain codes, similar to BLRT chain codes
[Crane75b]
(*)
Crane, Hewitt David and Savoie, Robert Ellis
"Special Pen and System for Handwriting Recognition",
United States Patent 3,906,444, September 16, 1975, assigned to Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California.
- SRI/Crane's accelerometer-pen for signature verification/recognition e
[Darringer75]
.
Darringer et al
"Speed Pen",
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 18 No 7, December 1975, pp 2374-2375
[DayAM72]
()
Day, A.M., Parks, J.R. and Pobgee, P.J.
"On-line written input to computers",
in "Machine Perception of Pictures and Patterns", The Institute of Physics, London, England, 1972, pp 233-240. Also cited as Proceedings of the Conference on Machine Perception of Patterns: Tedding England.
- Claims 2% error rate (but 8.5% reject): feedback to users greatly improves handwriting recognition
- Handwriting recognition features are coding zones, sequence similar to chain codes, number and length of horizontal/vertical strokes
- Describes resistive-sheet digitizer tablet, one character big: user-interface for handwriting, one-character input
[Dertouzos71]
()
Dertousoz, M.L.
"Graphic Data Tablet",
United States Patent 3,705,956, assigned to Computek, Incorporated, Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 12, 1972.
- Early electromagnetic digitizer tablet patent, using Gray Code grid pattern encoding, using phase of induced voltage
[Donelson75]
.
Donelson, William C.
"Spatial Management of Data",
M.S. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 1977, Department of Architecture
[Duda72]
()
Duda, R.O and Hart, P.E.
"Use of the Hought transform to detect lines and curves in pictures",
Graphics and Image Processing, Vol 15, pp 11-15, 1972.
- Cited in Kahan87
- Cited in Kahan87: for a statistical Bayesian classifier using binary features
[Dyche72]
(*)
Dyche, James W.
"Handwriting Authentication Technique",
United States Patent 3,699,517, assinged to Sylvania Electric Products Inc., Cotber 17, 1972
- Herbst76 on signature verification using force, velocity, pen lifts, correlationsamong them
- Signature verification using velocity and acceleration, using a graphic tablet
[Ehrich73]
()
Ehrich, Roger W.
"A Contextual Post-Processor for Cursive Script Recognition - Summary",
Proc. 1st Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, Oct. 1973, pp. 169-171.
- Cited by Marlin Eller, Microsoft Pen Computing group
[Ehrich75]
(*)
Ehrich, Roger W. and Koehler, K.J.
"Experiments in the Contextual Recognition of Cursive Script",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-24 No 2, February 1975, pp 182-194.
- Contextual pre-processor for script using letter length, word context, stroke parsing: best character alternatives given to word-context recognizer (likelihood ratio)
- Due to scope of problem, one becomes mired in programming
- 1.3% error when training and test data were identical
- Word-wise recognition of hand-written script
- Refers to certain degenerated, trivial, toy recognition problems and their pointlessness
- Need for low-quality data in training a system
- Goshtasby88 cites for binary letter pairs (digrams) for spelling context, following by spelling dictionary look-up for what's left
[Eichen73]
(*)
Eichen, Howard R. and Paulsen, Robert H.
"Processing of Coordinate Values of Points Entered in a Graph Board or the like",
United States Patent 3,720,948, ,assigned to Co-Data Corportion, Fullerton California, March 13, 1973
- Describes dividing a tablet surface into a simulated keyboard area, a sketch area, etc. Relevant to Schumer patent
[ElectronicsReview71]
.
Electronics Review
"Program Recognizes Handwritten Math",
Electronics Review, Vol 44, No 18 (1971)
- Cited in Sklarew99 patent
[Engel73]
()
Engel, G.R., Dougherty, W.G., and Jones, G.B.
"Correlation and Letter Recognition",
Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1973, Vol 27 No 3, pp 317-326.
- Mentions response bias in measuring human recognition errors
- Problems of matching recognition results of tests and predictions based on only one variable: human recognition is a correlation function of multiple variables
- Points out problems of weighting multiple variables/features
[Feng75]
()
Feng, H.Y. and Pavlidis, T.
"Decomposition of polygon into simpler components: Feature generation for syntactic pattern recognition",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-24, Jun 1975, pp 636-656.
[Fernald73]
()
Fernald, Olaf H.
"Optical graphic data tablet",
United States Patent 3,761,877, September 25, 1973.
- Cited in Tappert's patent list of 1986 on on-line/dynamic handwriting recognition
- Cited in Fox88: on annotation drawing/handwriting
- Optical digitizing tablet: stylus shines a light on a transparent glass plate, with a scanner underneath
[Fisher75]
()
Fisher, Edward G., Riseman, Edward M., and Hanson, Allen R.
"Feature Selection Using Non-redundant Thresholded Measures",
preliminary manuscript, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 1975.
- Pair-wise discrimination: guidelines for when to work harder on hard-to-separate classification pairs
[Fitzgerald75]
.
Fitzgerald et al
"Procedure for rectifying a roughly sketched drawing",
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 18, No 7, December 1975, pages 2339-2342
[Fitzgerald77]
(*)
Fitzgerald, William Joseph, Shelton Jr., Glenmore Lorraine, and Wolfe, Robert Nolan
"System for converting a rough sketch to a finished drawing",
United States Patent 4,058,849, assigned to International Business Machines Corp, New York, New York, November 15, 1977
-
Editing of handwritten sketchs by making the lines more nearly vertical and horizontal, and moving the endpoints of the lines: preserves linkages among strokes
- Also shows use of an overlay keyboard, presenting a virtual keyboard on the tablet surface
- Cites Eichen73 patent, and "Instant Draftsman" article from 1972
[Fodor74]
()
Fodor, J.A., Bever, T.G., and Garrett, M.F.
"The Psychology of Language",
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974.
- Adjustment of perception of stimulus to be what is "reasonable"
- We accept hypotheses about the identity of individual letters and words only if they yield a sensible interpretation of longer sequences like phrases and sentences
[FoleyD71]
()
Foley, D.
"The Probability of Error on the Design Set as a Function of the Sample Size and Feature Size",
PhD dissertation, Syracuse University, June 1971.
[FoleyJD74]
()
Foley, J.D. and Wallace, V.L.
"The Art of Natural Graphic Man-Machine Conversation",
Proc. IEEE, Vol 62 No 4, April 1974, pp 462-471.
- Cited in FoleyJD84
- Cited in Wallace76 for "virtual devices"
[Forney73]
()
Forney, G.E. Jr.
"The Viterbi algorithm",
Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol 61, 1973, pp 268-278.
- Cited in Sinha88, Hull83a
[Freedman74]
()
Freedman, M.D.
"Optical character recognition",
IEEE Spectrum, Vol 11 No 3, March 1974, pp 44-52.
[Freeman74]
()
Freeman, H.
"Computer processing of line-drawing images",
Computing Surveys, Vol 6, 1974, pp 57-97.
[Fu74]
()
Fu, K.S.
"Syntactic Methods in Pattern Recognition",
New York: Academic Press, 1974.
[Fujisaki71]
()
Fujisaki, H., Nagai, S. and Hidaka, N.
"On-line recognition of hand-written numerals",
Annual Report of the Engineering Research Institute, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan, Vol 30, August 1971, pp 103-110.
[Goldstein74]
()
Goldstein, Ira P.
"Understanding Simple Picture Programs",
Technical Report 294, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1974.
[Goldstein75]
()
Goldstein, Ira P.
"Summary of MYCROFT: A System for Understanding Simple Picture Programs",
Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6 No 3, 1975, pp 249-288.
[Goodwin75]
()
Goodwin, N.C.
"Cursor Positioning on an Electronic Display Using Light-pen, Light-gun, or Keyboard for Three Basic Tasks",
Human Factors, pp 289-295, Vol 17 No 3, 1975.
- Study of positioning time with various cursor, pen, keyboard devices
[Granlund72]
()
Granlund, G.H.
"Fourier preprocessing for hand print character recognition",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-21, pp 195-201, 1972.
[Granzotti73]
(*)
Granzotti, A.N.
"Free Hand Drawing Display System Utilizing Light Pen to Write and Erase Information",
United States Patent 3,758,717, September 11, 1973, assigned to International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, New York.
- User-interface: Hardware patent on digitizer erasing on display with a light pen, makes broad claims on erasure/editing of freehand writing or sketching of electronic ink
[Grether73]
()
Grether, C.B. and Stroh, R.W.
"Subjective Evaluation of Differential Pulse-Code Modulation Using the Speech 'Goodness' Rating Scale",
IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, Vol AU-21 No 3, June 1973, pp 179-184.
- "goodness" scale for subjective evaluation of speech
quality: relates to cognitive psychology experiments to extract
functional attributes
- Method for subjective evaluation of cognitive/psychophysical
perception/recognition, where theory is not adequately developed
for quantitative prediction
[Gries71]
()
Gries, D.
"Compiler Construction for Digital Computers",
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1971.
- A standard reference on compiler /programming language
design
[HallRE72]
()
Hall, R.E. and Hulbert, L.N.
"Machine Recognition of Symbols",
United States Patent 3,676,848, July 11, 1972, assigned to Ferroxcube Corporation, Saugerties, New York.
- Early patent on zone/region on-line character recognition
[Hanson73]
()
Hanson, A.R. and Riseman, E.M.
"System Design of an Integrated Pattern Recognition System",
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Pattern Recognition", Washington, D.C, October 30 - November 1, 1973 (abstract only). COINS Technical Report 73C-5, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, June 1973.
[Hanson74]
()
Hanson, A.R., Riseman, E.M., and Fisher, E.
"Context in Word Recognition",
COINS Technical Report 74C-6, August 1974.
[Harmon72]
()
Harmon, L.D.
"Automatic Recognition of Print and Script",
Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol 60, 1972, pp 1165-1176.
- Cited in Litvin82, Nouh84
[Heinz72]
()
Heinz, B., Paprottka, H., and Schulte-Derne, M.
"Meine liebe Fibel: Schreiblehrgang",
Verlag Ferdinand Kamp Bochum, 1972.
- German/European writing style textbook
[Hemstreet73]
(*)
Hemstreet, Harold S.
"(title)",
United States Patent 3,713,100, January 23, 1973
- Cited in Bokser88; Cited in Tappert88b: on segmentation combined with character recognition
- optical/typed character recognition by comparing with a set of individual prototypes for each possible shape, and taking best match score. Comparison may be pixel-wise or slice-wise comparison.
[Henckels71]
()
Henckels, L.P.
"A Parametric Method for Developing and Evaluating Hand-printed Character Recognition Algorithms",
ScD Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 1971.
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Thesis on generating
simulated/artificial variability in handwriting
- Find samples at the boundary of where recognition problems
occur
- Says problems in recognition algorithms should be found
systematically
- Says need 10,000 training samples to get feature space
error down to 1%
- Says Neisser's figure for human recognition too poor
for practical device(!)
- Says testing takes up most of the effort, but is treated
too lightly
- Quotes "dominant factor factor in performance is care
in printing"
[Henrichon75]
()
Henrichon, E.G. and Bloom, H.J.
"Method and System for Optical Character Recognition",
United States Patent 3,930,231, December 30, 1975, assigned to Xicom Data Entry Corporation, Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts.
- Three methods of character recognition are matrix matching, Feature extraction, and curve tracing
[Herot74]
()
Herot, Christopher F.
"Using Context in Sketch Recognition",
Master's Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1974.
[Herrick74]
()
Herrick, E.M.
"A Taxonomy of Alphabets and Scripts",
Visible Language, Vol VIII No 1, Winter 1974, pp 5-32.
[HitachiI75]
()
Hitachi, I.
"Direct Input System for Handprinted Programs and Data",
Central Research Laboratory of Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, 1975.
[Hlady75]
()
Hlady, A.M.
"Touch Sensitive Position Encoder using a Layered Sheet",
United States Patent 3,916,099, October 28, 1975, assigned to Canadian Patent and Development Limited, Ottowa, Canada.
- Digitizer using surface acoustic wave
[Hoo75]
(*)
Hoo, S.K.
"Coordinate Locator",
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Volume 18, Number 5, October 1975 pages 1498-1499
- Cited in BennettWE91 for optical stylus digitizer tablet somewhat similar to Anoto: visually transparent surface using a coded grid placed over a display: appears to give proximity detection also.
[Holt74]
()
Holt, Arthur W.
"Algorithm for a Low Cost Hand Print Reader",
Computer Design, February 1974, pp 85-89.
- Simple OCR for handwriting recognition, using a single
vertical line as a constraint, measuring closed/open loops and
areas as features
[Hong74]
()
Hong, J.P.
"Pattern Recognition: Invariant Stochastic Feature Extraction and Statistical Classification",
in JPL Space Programs Summary 37-58, Vol III, 1974.
- Features used by IBM OCR page reader
- Measurements on data (feature extraction) and classification
algorithm closely tied to problem at hand
[Howells75]
(*)
Howells, J.A.
"Apparatus for Recognizing Hand Printed Characters",
United States Patent 3,909,785, September 30, 1975, assigned to Amperex Electronics Corporation, Hicksville, New York.
- Nine-zone/sector/region recognition
[Elographics75]
()
Hurst, G. and Colwell, W.
"Discriminating Contact Sensor",
United States Patent 3,911,215, October 7, 1975, assigned to Elographics, Incorporated, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
[Hussain72]
()
Hussain, A.B.S., Toussaint, G.T., and Donaldson, R.W.
"Results Obtained Using a Simple Character Recognition Procedure on JHMunson's Handprinted Data",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol 21, February 1972, pp 201-205.
- Cited in Litvin82
- Refers to JHMunson's data collection / test sample data
base for handwriting.
[Iannou75]
()
Iannou, J.T.
"Digital Position Measurement System with Stylus Tilt Error Compensation",
United States Patent 3,873,770, March 25, 1975, assigned to Bendix Corporation, Southfield, Michigan.
- Tilt correction patent for tablet digitizer
- Tappert's patent list shows this as 3,875,770.
[IchikawaT74]
()
Ichikawa, T. and Yoshida, Y.
"Online Recognition of Handprinted Characters with Associative Read-Out of Patterns in Memory",
Proceedings of 2nd International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, August, 1974, pp 206-207.
[Iijima72]
()
Iijima, Taizo and Mori, Kenichi
"Pattern Identification Systems Operating by the Multiple Similarity Method",
United States Patent 3,688,267, and Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Limited, August 29, 1972.
- From a old list of Polhemus patents
- Inner-product comparison (pixel map) OCR character recognition against standard reference template patterns, RMS average of match scores compared to threshhold
[Iijima75]
()
Iijima, Taizo and Mori, Kenichi
"Pattern Identification System",
United States Patent 3,906,446, assigned to Taizo Iijima and Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Limited, Tokyo, Japan.
- Cited in MaedaK87
- OCR of characters (handwritten?) using sums of squares of values for similarity: improvement over patent 3,688,267.
[IJCPR74]
()
IJCPR Program
"Second International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition",
Lyngby, Denmark, August 1974.
[Ishizaki7475]
(*)
Ishizaki, Hiroyuki; Toba, Teruo; Umeda, Shozo
"System for Reading Out the Coordinates of Information Displayed on a Matrix Type Display Device",
United States Patent 3,832,693, August 27, 1974, Assigned to Fujitsu
- Light pen digitizer, subdividing display into blocks in the X and then in the Y direction.
[Jans75]
()
Jans, C.L.
"An Investigation of U-V Discrimination",
S.B. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, May 1975, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- U-V recognition: functional attributes Blesser's and Shillman's
group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
[JohnsonS75]
()
Johnson, S.C.
"YACC: Yet Another Compiler Compiler",
Computing Science Technical Report No 32, 1975, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill NJ 07974.
- UNIX documentation on YACC; regular-expression pattern
matching
[JohnstonVS74]
()
Johnston, V.S., and Chesney, G.L.
"Electrophysiological Correlates of Meaning",
Science, Vol 186, December 1974, pp 944-946.
- Neuronal activity, evoked potentials in frontal lobe (but not visual cortex), matches human perception/recognition
of recognizing ambiguous character shapes
[Julesz75]
()
Julesz, B.
"Experiments in the Visual Perception of Texture",
Scientific American, April 1975, pp 34-43.
- "It is well known from neuro-physiological studies that
the visual"
- "systems of cats and monkeys incorporate cluster detectors
in several"
- "stages of hierarchically increasing complexity, beginning
at the retina"
- "of the eye and extending to the highest levels of
the cerebral cortex."
- Why adaptive recognition is not human perception/cognition:
multiple levels
- Perception (low-level, immediate) vs cognitive (high-level, takes time)
- Mentions cognitive/perceptual problem of reading alphabets
[KayA72]
(*)
Kay, Alan C.
"A Personal Computer for Children of All Ages",
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center: Proceedings of the ACM National Conference, 1972
- Early paper by Alan Kay on Dynabook, does not show handwriting input: early personal computer with ARPANet/Internet
[Knowlton75a]
()
Knowlton, K.C.
"Virtual Pushbuttons as a Means of Person-Machine Interaction",
Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Graphics, Pattern Recognition, and Data Structure, May 1975, pp 350-351.
[Knowlton75b]
()
Knowlton, K.C.
"Interactive Input-Output Computer Terminal with Automatic Relabeling of Keyboard",
United States Patent 3,879,722, assigned to Bell Laboratories, April 22, 1975.
[Kolers75]
()
Kolers, Paul A. and Perkins, David N.
"Spatial and Ordinal Components of Form Perception and Literacy",
Cognitive Psychology, Vol 7, 1975, pp 228-267.
- Graphical context on rotated text perception with human
readers: relation to dyslexia.
[Korolev71]
()
Korolev, E.
"On automatic recognition of context",
Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Linguistics, 1971.
[Krause73]
()
Krause, P. and Bleichrodt, H.
"Experiments on direct input and recognition of handwritten digits and handprinted letters with computers",
Post Office Research Department, London, England, 9-16, March 1973.
- Cited in Blatt88: 97.1% character recognition
rate
[Kuipers75]
()
Kuipers, Jack
"Object Tracking and Orientation Determination Means, System and Process",
United States Patent 3,868,565, February 25, 1975.
- Polhemus patent on generating rotating fields to digitize position and angular position at same time (3-D tablet plus rotation, theta, phi, rho), six-dimensional electromagnetic digitizer
- (3,868,564 is a motor patent from the USSR)
[Kuklinski73]
(*p)
Kuklinski, T.
"Goodness-Time Experiments",
internal report, Cognitive Information Processing Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, May 18, 1973.
- Cognitive experiments showing correlation between human
rating of "goodness" of paired character shapes, and recognition
time
[Kuklinski74]
(*p)
Kuklinski, T., draft manuscript
"Plasticity Effects in the Perception of Hand-printed Characters",
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, February 20, 1974.
- Graphical context affects perception of characters, not
just semantic context
[Kuklinski75]
()
Kuklinski, T., S.M. and E.E. Thesis
"Plasticity Effects in the Perception of Hand-printed Characters",
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1975.
- Graphical context affects perception of characters, not
just semantic context
[Labov72]
()
Labov, W.
"The Boundaries of Words and Their Meanings",
Conference on New Ways to Analyzing Variation in English, Washington, D.C., October 28, 1972.
- Variability/uncertainty a fundamental property of formal description
- Linguistics/perception/cognition as study of boundaries, not categories
- Justification of fundamental philosophy for our boundary-cognitive
- Analysis of functional attributes/features
- Feature analysis: not single property, but co-occurrence
of large number of items
[LeeT75]
()
Lee, T.K-Y.
"The Phenomenon of Line Addition in Character Recognition",
S.B. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May, 1975.
- Y-V discrimination: functional attributes Barry's and
Shillman's group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
[Lemelson75]
(*)
Lemelson, Jerome H.
"Scanning System and Method",
United States Patent 3,918,029, November 4, 1975
- Opticial hand-held scanner using a single sensing element, straight-edge or other guides for moving the stylus across a page: compare to optical digitizers
[Lesk75]
()
Lesk, M.E.
"Lex - A Lexical Analyzer Generator",
Computing Science Technical Report No 39, 1975, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill NJ 07974.
- UNIX documentation on LEX: regular-expression pattern
matching
[Lesser75]
()
Lesser, Victor, Fennel, Richard, Erman, Lee and Reddy, Raj
"Organization of the Hearsay II Speech Understanding System",
IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol ASSP-23 No 1, pp 11-24, 1975.
[Lin74]
(*p)
Lin, W.C. and Scully, T.L.
"Computer Identification of Constrained Hand-printed Characters with a High Recognition Rate",
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-4, November 1974.
[Locke71]
(*)
Locke, John L. and Locke, Virginia L.
"Deaf Children's Phonetic, Visual, and Dactylic Coding in a Grapheme Recall Task",
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1971, Vol 89 No 1, pp 142-146
- Study of human character recognition for handwritten letter pairs, comparing the effects of auditorially similar letters to visually similar letters in deaf children. Refers to phonetic coding in memory.
[MachineDesign72]
.
Machine Design
"The Instant Draftsman",
Machine Design magazine, April 6, 1972, pages 68-72
-
Cited in Fitzgerald76 patent, example of sketch recognition / sketch processing
[Malevard72]
(*)
Malevard, Lucien C.; Marty, Pierre
"Graphic Data Transcription system",
United States Patent 3,632,874, January 4, 1972
- Resistive sheet digitizer, using a single sheet and a conductive stylus and wire. Mentions integration with a display by applying the measured voltage directly to the deflection plates of a CRT.
[Manis71]
(*)
Manis, Melvin
"Context Effects in Communication -- Determinants of Verbal Output and Referential Decoding",
in "Adaptation-Level Theory", New York: Academic Press, M.H. Appley, editor, 1971, pp 237-255.
- Theory for perceptual interpretation, subjective impression
for context
- Kuklinski has margin notes on psycho-physical (perception), judgmental, and linguistic context
- Refers to other work on semantic (language) context
- Page 239 - relates to inadvertent bias in testing recognition results, since judgment affected by the rest of the characters the subject looks at (or writes)
- Page 240 - Kuklinski's margin notes on all the forms of context bias
[MartinWA71]
(*)
Martin, W.A.
"Computer Input/Output of Mathematical Expressions",
2nd Symposium on Symbolic Algebraic Manipulation, A.C.M., March 23-25, 1971, Los Angeles, California, pp 78-ff.
- Cited in FoleyJD82: for user-interface for
mathematical input
- Illustration shows use of character extents, spacing, size, position, for parsing two-dimensional hand-written mathematical formulae
[Meisel72]
(*p)
Meisel, W.S.
"Computer-Oriented Approaches to Pattern Recognition",
Academic Press, New York/San Francisco/London, 1972.
- Compares "abstract" issues of pattern recognition with
heuristic/linguistic approach specific to problem area
- Feature selection by statistics "gives no insight into
dependencies among features"
- Partial copy of paper on file
- Inter-set and intra-set feature distances an ill-defined
concept
- "curse of dimensionality": how feature interact and overlap
a hard problem
- Project features onto one dimension and you cannot tell
how features inter-relate
[MillerLK72]
(*p)
Miller, Leon K.
"Letter Recognition: Effects of interitem similarity and report requirements",
Perception and Psychophysics, Vol 11 No 3, 1972, pp 252-256.
- Human recognition/perception: human readers (non-Arabic, non-Hebrew, non-Chinese) perceive characters to the left of the fixation better than to the right
[MillerSW71]
()
Miller, S.W.
"Display Requirements for Future Man-Machine Systems",
IEEE Transactions on Electronic Display, Vol ED-18 No 9, September 1971, pp 616-ff.
[Moayer75]
()
Moayer, B. and Fu, K.S.
"A syntactic approach to fingerprint pattern recognition",
Pattern Recognition, Vol 7, 1975, pp 1-23.
[Moriwaki75]
(*)
Moriwaki, Masahiro, Sakaguchi, Mitsuhito, and Mita, Yoshinari
"Hologram Graphic Data Tablet Apparatus Using a Vernier",
United States Patent 3,906,465, September 16, 1975
- Nominally optical digitizing tablet using holograms printed in a glass surface:
[MossD75]
(*)
Moss, David
"Character Recording System",
United States Patent 3,903,502, September 2, 1975
- Character recognition for simplified character set using endpoints/termini only, which had to touch one of six reference points/zones in a hexagonal pattern
[Nakata72]
(*p)
Nakata, K., Nakano, Y., and Uchikura, Y.
"Recognition of Chinese Characters",
Proc. of Conference on Machine Perception of Patterns and Pictures, pp.45-52 (1972)
- OCR by projecting in X and in Y direction for histogram
[Narasimhan71]
()
Narasimhan, R. and Reddy, V.S.N.
"A Syntax-Aided Recognition Scheme for Handprinted English Letters",
Pattern Recognition 3, pp 345-361, 1971.
[Naylor71]
()
Naylor, W.C.
"Some studies in the interactive design of character recognition systems",
IEEE Transactions on Computing, Vol 20, September 1971, pp 1075-1086.
- Cited in Blatt88: 80.4% character recognition
rate
[Negroponte73]
()
Negroponte, N.
"Recent Advances in Sketch Recognition",
NCC 1973, AFIPS Press, pp 663-675.
[Negroponte75]
()
Negroponte, Nicholas
"Sketching: A Computational Paradigm for Personalized Searching",
Working Paper, Architecture Machine Group, Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1975.
- Purcell77
- Indexing by handwritten ink user-interface (?)
[Nemirovsky71]
()
Nemirovsky, S.M., Sternberg, J., and Lieberman, G.
"Signature Identification by Means of Pressure Patterns",
United States Patent 3,618,019, November 2, 1971, assigned to Conversational Systems Corporation, New York, New York.
[Neuhoff75]
()
Neuhoff, D.L.
"The Viterbi algorithm as an aid in text recognition",
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol IT-21, 1975, pp 222-226.
[NewmanWM73a]
(*)
Newman, W.M. and Sproull, R.F.
"The Ledeen Character Recognizer",
in Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1973, pp 575-582, Appendix VIII
- The handwriting/gesture symbol recognition system used by Applicon: everyone used to copy it
[NewmanWM73b]
(*)
Newman, W.M. and Sproull, R.F.
"Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics, second edition",
ISBN 0-07-046338-7, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1973, 1979.
- Chapter eleven: cannot use mouse for tracing, compared with digitizing tablet
[Nishida72]
(*)
Nishida, Nobuo and Sakaguchi, Mitsuhito
"Hologram Graphic Data Tablet",
United States Patent 3,658,402, April 25, 1972
- Digitizing tablet, nominally optical: holograms embedded at different positions on the tablet
[OkaM74?]
(*p)
Oka, Masatomo and Yasuhara, Makoto
"Signature Verification Experiment Based on Nonlinear Time Alignment: A Feasibility Study",
Research Manuscript, 1974 (date approximate), Nippon Electric Company, Tokyo Japan
[Pavlidis74]
()
Pavlidis, Theo and Horowitz, S.L.
"Segmentation of Plane Curves",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-23 No 8, 1974, pp 860-870.
- Best piece-wise fit of line segments to a polygon: split and merge segments to drive error below a threshhold
- Piece-wise line segment fit helps on feature extraction, data compaction, and noise filtering
[Pavlidis75]
()
Pavlidis, Theo, and Ali, F.
"Computer Recognition of Hand-written Numerals by Polygonal Approximations",
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-6, pp 610-614, 1975.
- Chain codes - cite this one so Pavlidis gets his licks in
[Pobgee71]
()
Pobgee, P.J. and Parks, J.R.
"Applications of a Low Cost Graphical Input Tablet",
IFIP 1971, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp ??, (TA-4-169)
[Pobgee75]
()
Pobgee
"Graphical Input Apparatus for Electrical Apparatus",
United States Patent 3,885,097, May 20, 1975
- Lukis87 on digitizer tablets
- 3D electromagnetic digitizer (do not work on metallic objects) 0.032" resolution
[Powers73]
()
Powers, V.Michael
"Pen Direction Sequences in Character Recognition",
Pattern Recognition, Vol 5. pp 291-302, March 1973.
- Describes character recognition based solely on chain
codes / stroke direction
[Quarmby71]
()
Quarmby, David J. and Rastall, John
"Experiments on Handwritten Numeral Classification",
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-1 No 4, October 1971, pp 331-338.
- Edge-defining algorithms for OCR of handprinting/handwriting, maximum likelihood statistical classifier
[Ramer72]
()
Ramer, U.
"An iterative procedure for the polygonal approximation of plane curves",
Computer Graphics Image Processing, Vol 1, November, 1972, pp 244-256.
[Riseman71a]
()
Riseman, E.M. and Ehrich, Roger W.
"Experiments in the contextual recognition of cursive script",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-24, 1975, pp 182-194.
- Cited in Goshtasby88
- Goshtasby88 cites for binary letter pairs (digrams) for spelling context, following by spelling dictionary look-up for what's left
[Riseman71b]
()
Riseman, E.M. and Ehrich, Roger W.
"Contextual word recognition using binary digrams",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-20, April 1971, pp 397-403.
- DosterW77 on a spelling dictionary: important point of diagram is only zero/non-zero value
[Riseman73a]
()
Riseman, E.M. and Ehrich, Roger W.
"Contextual word recognition using binary digrams",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-20, April 1971, pp 397-403.
- Preliminary abstract of Fisher75
[Riseman73b]
()
Riseman, E.M., Hanson, A.R. and Fisher, E.G.
"Feature Selection Using Thresholded Measures",
Proceedings of 1973 International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, Boston, Massachusetts, November 5-7, 1973.
[Riseman74]
(*)
Riseman, E.M., and Handson, A.R.
"A contextual postprocessing system for error correction using binary N-grams",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-23, 1974, pp 480-493.
- DosterW77 on a spelling dictionary. File also contains list of numerous reference *to* Riseman for context information in handwriting and speech recognition.
[Rosenfeld71]
()
Rosenfeld, A. and Thurston, M.
"Edge and curve detection for digital scene analysis",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-20, May 1971, pp 562-569.
[Rosenfeld72]
()
Rosenfeld, A., Thurston, M., and Lee, Y.H.
"Edge and curve detection: further experiments",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-21, July 1872, pp 677-715.
[Rosenfeld73]
()
Rosenfeld, A. and Johnston, E.
"Angle detection on digital curves",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-22, September 1973, pp 875-878.
[Rosenfeld75]
()
Rosenfeld, A. and Weszka, J.S.
"An improved method of angle detection on digital curves",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-24, September 1975, pp 940-941.
[RosenfieldJM73]
()
Rosenfield, John M., Cranston, Fumiko E., and Cranston, Edwin A.
"Japanese Language Calligraphy",
in The Courtly Tradition in Japanese Art and Literature, Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, 1973, pp 14-24.
- Background history of Chinese/Japanese Kanji, Katakana, hiragana: educated Japanese cannot recognize Kana scripts
[Sayre73]
(*p)
Sayre, Kenneth M.
"Machine Recognition of Handwritten Words: A Project Report",
Pattern Recognition 5, pp 213-228, 1973.
- 79% handwriting recognition on 84 cursive script words (OCR)
- Does cursive script recognition as part of handwriting recognition (OCR)
- Statistical recognition (digrams) can make recognition worse: "fo" more frequent than "fa" in English, so ambiguous "far" would always be recognized wrong as "for"
- 90% per character gives 81% per pair, 72% per triplet, etc.: fix with context
- Used handwriting data samples from Bell Telephone Labs (OCR)
- Cites very early work by Harmon, internal Bell Telephone Labs reports
[Schlang74]
(*p)
Schlang, Arthur
"Electro-Optical Handwritten Character Reader",
United States Patent 3,784,982, assigned to Isotec, Incorporated, Woodbury, New York, January 8, 1974.
- Cited in Tappert88b: on segmentation combined with character recognition
- OCR scanner for handwritten characters: hardware to detect
inflection points, endpoints, sub-stroke (horizontal and vertical
segments) of strokes
- Describes two-level recognizer with (generic) first-level
and detail-level feature analysis
[Shepard72]
()
Shepard, Roger N.
"Psychological Representation of Speech Sounds",
in "Human Communication: A Unified View", Edward E. David, Jr. and Peter B. Denes, editors, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1972, pp 67-ff.
- Confusion data matrix on phoneme recognition/discrimination in speech recognition:
degree of similarity, confusability, association, psychological "proximity":
how to find out a distance metric for pattern recognition
proximity analysis, signal-to-noise ratio in pattern space, multi-dimensional scaling
[Shillman74a]
()
Shillman, R., Kuklinski, T.T., and Blesser, B.A.
"Experimental Methodologies for Character Recognition Based on Phenomenological Attributes",
Proceedings of the 2nd International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 13-15, 1974, pp 195-201.
[Shillman74b]
(*p)
Shillman, R., Cox, C., Kuklinski, T., Ventura, J., Eden, M., and Blesser, B.
"A Bibliography in Character Recognition: Techniques for Describing Characters",
Visible Language, Vol VIII No 2, Spring 1974, pp 151-166.
- General references on character recognition, especially
cognitive psychology aspects
- Includes references on insight through study of character
formation / generative variability
- Includes references on psychological descriptions of characters
[Shillman74c]
()
Shillman, R.J.
"Seeing is Deceiving: The Perceived Shortening of Thick Lines",
unpublished manuscript, Cognitive Information Processing Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, 1974.
[Shillman74]
()
Shillman, R.
"Character Recognition Based on Phenomenological Attributes: Theory and Methods",
PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, 1974.
- Lists features that are not perceptually significant
- Shillman's Thesis: also published as Blesser73
[Simon72]
()
Simon, J.C., Checroun, A. and Roch, C.
"A Method of Comparing Two Patterns Independent of Possible Transformations and Small Distortions",
Pattern Recognition, Vol 4, 1972, pp 73-81.
- Cited in Baird84: for template matching
in feature space using minimum distance?
[Siy74]
(*p)
Siy, Pep, and Chen, C.S
"Fuzzy Logic for Handwritten Numeral Character Recognition",
IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, November 1974, pp 570..575
- Trainable system using subsets of curved line segments as the 'branch feature set'
[SmithEE74]
(*p)
Smith, E.E. and Spoehr, K.T.
"The Perception of Printed English: a Theoretical Perspective",
in "Human Information Processing", B.H. Kantowitz, editor, Lawrence Hillbaum Associates, Hillsdale NJ 1974, pp 231-275.
- Template matching vs feature analysis is a continuum, not disjoint
- Cites several papers on low-level feature extraction
in human perception
- Argument against dynamic matching: "theoretical and empirical
reasons for feature extraction"
- Cites different recognition mechanism for handwritten
and printed characters
- Cites no real consensus on actual features humans use
in recognizing letters (which is why functional attribute tests
tell you what features)
[Spanjersberg74]
()
Spanjersberg, A.A.
"Combinations of different systems for the recognition of Handwritten digits",
Proceedings of the Second International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, August, 1974, pp 208-209.
- Cited in Blatt88: 97.8% character recognition
rate
[Suen75]
()
Suen, C.Y.
"Handwriting Education - A Bibliography of Contemporary Publications",
Visible Language, Vol IX No 2, Spring 1975, pp 145-158.
- Refers to unpublished treatise on writing styles in
North America
[Suenaga78]
(*x)
Suenaga, Yasuhito
"Automatic text editting using handwritten mark recognition",
Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Image Science and Engineering, No 3-1, pp 63-66, Dec. 1978 (in japanese)
[Sutherland73]
()
Sutherland, I.E.
"Three-dimensional Data Input by Tablet",
Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol 62 No 4, April 1974, pp 453-461.
[SutherlandNS73]
(*p)
Sutherland, N.S.
"Object Recognition",
Chapter 8 of "Handbook of Perception" Carterette and Firedman, ed., Academic Press, New York and London, 1983
[Szanser72]
()
Szanser, A.J.
"Elastic matching in automatic pattern recognition",
in Machine Perception of Patterns and Pictures, Teddington, April 12-14, 1972, pp 328-333.
- DosterW77 on spelling dictionary
[Terai75]
(*p)
Terai, Hidekazu and Nakata, Kazuo
"Text Editing System using On-Line Real-Time Handwriting Character Recognition",
Central Research Laboratory of Hitachi Ltd, Sept, 1975, Monograph, originally published as full paper for Journal of Information Procesing Society of Japan, Vol 15 No 6, June 1974
- proof-reading symbol recognition, writing directly over the strokes of a character on a tablet
- character recognition input in a special area of the tablet
- Cited in Sklarew99 prior art
[Thompson75]
()
Thompson, K. and Ritchie, D.M.
"UNIX Programmer's Manual -- Sixth Edition",
Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, 1975.
[Tou72]
()
Tou, Y.T. and Gonzales, G.C.
"Recognition of Handwritten Characters by Topological Feature Extraction and Mulilevel Categorization",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol 21, pp 776-785, July 1972.
[TownsendJT71]
()
Townsend, J.T.
"Theoretical analysis of an alphabetic confusion matrix",
Perception and Psychophysics, Vol 9, 1971, pp 40-50.
[Turner72]
(*)
Turner, John A.
"Electrical Probe-position Responsive Apparatus and Method",
United States Patent 3,699,439, October 17, 1972, assigned to Automatic Radio Manufacturing, Inc. Melrose MA
- Resistive-film digitizer, ratiometric measurement, mounted on front of CRT display
[Uncapher71]
(*)
Uncapher, K.W.
" The RAND Video Graphic System - An Approach to a General User-Computer Graphic Communication System",
RAND Corporation Research Report R-753-ARPA, April 1971
-
Copy on file has best image of RAND tablet and display hardware: shows photographic image and electronic text/ink displayed on same surface
[Ullman74]
()
Ullman, J.R.
"A use of continuity in character recognition",
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1974, pp 294-300.
- Cited in Goshtasby88
- Goshtasby88 cites on using edge directions for recognizing
hand-printed character if the continuity information between
characters is utilized (stroke hooks and continuation marks?)
[VanDam71]
(*)
Van Dam, Andries and Rice, David E.
"On-line Text Editing; A Survey",
Computing Surveys, Vol 3 No 3, September 1971, pp 93-ff.
-
Describes a tablet-based text editor from Canergie-Mellon University (Coleman69), using symbols/gestures on a RAND tablet: decision tree to recognize symbols
- Mentions that ease of correction makes requirement for perfect recognition be less
- Mentions that cost of computers made handwriting recognition not cost-effective in 1971
[Waltz72]
()
Waltz, D.L.
"Generating Semantic Descriptions from Drawings of Scenes with Shadows",
Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, 1972.
- Analysis of line-drawing images using combinatorial algorithms
[WeaverAC74]
(*)
Weaver, Alfred C.
"On-Line Character Recognition",
Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Report No UIUCDCS-R-74-660, August, 1974.
- Thesis (?) on proposed low-cost handwriting recognition product?
- Voltage-gradient (resistive sheet) tablet
- Lists stroke directions for on-line characters
[WhetstoneA71]
(*)
Whetsone, Albert; Fine, Samuel; Bank, William; and Trumbull, Stanely Phillips
"Spark Pen",
United States Patent 3,626,483, December 7, 1971
- SAC Science Accessories Corporation acoustic stylus for sonic digitizer: generated shock energy sound wave by spark.
[WhetstoneA75]
(*p)
Whetsone, A. and Domyan, S.
"Recognize hand-printed characters with a simple algorithm",
Electronic Design, February 1, 1975.
- Summagraphics original design of tablet for character recognition, zone based, numerics of single-strokes and double-strokes
[Widrow73]
()
Widrow, B.
"The rubber mask technique, Parts I and II",
Pattern Recognition, Volume 5, 1973, pp 175-211.
- Burr81 cites for elastic matching on handwriting (?) recognition
[Winston72]
()
Winston, P.H.
"The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Robot",
in "Machine Intelligence 7", edited by B. Meltzer and D. Michie, pp 431-463, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1982.
[Woods73]
(*p)
Woods, Donald R. and Lyon, James M.
"The INTERCAL Programming Language Reference Manual",
privately published technical report, 1973
- The world's most bizarre, yet clearly defined, programming language (Geek humor)
[Xebec74]
()
Xebec Systems, Incorporated
"Pattern recognition allows use of handwritten characters in data-entry system",
IEEE Spectrum, new product section, Alphabec-70 handwriting recognizer, 566 Xavier Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94086, October 1974, p 98.
- Product announcement on SRI/Xebec handwriting character recognition using accelerometer pen stylus
[YamamotoS74]
(*p)
Yamamoto, Shinji and Nakata, Kazuo
"Pattern Recognizing System",
United States Patent 3,829,831, August 13, 1974, assigned to Hitachi Limited.
- Cited in Wang,PSP85
- 32x32 and 8x8 pixel bit-map character recognizer for OCR of Chinese
[Yasuhara75]
()
Yasuhara, M.
"Experimental Studies of Handwriting Process",
Report of the Research Laboratory of Communication Science, University of Electro-Communications, Japan, Vol 25-2, (Science and Technology section), pp 233-254, March 1975.
- Mathematical model for pen dynamics in script, but not print or stroke connection
[Yhap75]
()
Yhap, E.F.
"Keyboard Method for Composing Chinese Characters",
IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 19 No 1, May 1975, pp 60-70.
[Zadeh73]
()
Zadeh, L.A.
"Outline of a new approach to analysis of complex systems and decision processes",
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-3, pp 24-44, 1973.
- Biswas81 cites on fuzzy sets for recognition
[Zadeh75a]
()
Zadeh, L.A., Fu, K.S., Tanaka, K., and Shimura, M.
"Fuzzy Sets and Their Application to Cognitive and Decision Process",
London: Academic Press, 1975.
- Biswas81 cites on fuzzy sets for recognition
[Zadeh75b]
()
Zadeh, L.A.
"The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning -- I",
Information Science, Vol 8 pp 199-249, 1975.
[Zahn74]
()
Zahn, C.
"An Algorithm for Noisy Template Matching",
Proceedings of IFIP 74, 1974, pp 727-732.
[ZimmermanR72]
(*)
Zimmermann, R.
"Dynamic description of character drawing and its use for on-line recognition of handwritten characters",
(Dynamische Beschreibung von Zeichenschreibweise und ihre Ausnutzung zur Erkennung von Handschrifzeichen) (in German), Nachrichtentechnische Zeitschrift, Vol 20 No 12, December 1972, pp 542-544
- zone and chain-code recognition
- based on Doctoral thesis, T.U. Aachen 1972
- describes use of direction information in recognition, light pen on display
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