This compilation and all annotations are copyright © Jean Renard Ward, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2006
Copyright © Fri Sep 5 20:13:52 EDT 2008
Contact: jrward@alum.mit.edu

Mirrors of this page can be found at:

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• http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio05.html

      Main Reference Page      

• [AdvancedRecognitionTechnologies02] (*) Advanced Recognition Technologies "smARTspeak NG, simpliWrite, smARTWriter product descriptions", http://www.artcomp.com, 43 Brodezky Street, POB 39918, Tel-Aviv, 61398, Israel

  • Product literature on 'Noise Robust', handwriting and speech recognition products. Mentions special support for left-handed handwriting input. Says special writing areas and gestures are not required, but also mentions support for macro gestures. Appears to be the former ParaGraph recognition technology. Speech recognition in TI/Texas Instruments C55x DSP chips. Multilingual handwriting recognition, Roman/Chinese/special symbols. Presents user with a recognition result at the end of every character: similar technique used in Wang Freestyle laptop with simulated devices in 1987 (see Martin/Ward/et-al patent: though not mentioned there).

• [AMUG02] (*) AMUG "AMUG's Newton Page", http://www.amug.org/amug/sigs/newton

  • List of links to Newton pen-computing software, long list of Newton applications and companies

• [Anoto03a] (*) Anoto AB "Anoto Software Development Kit: Development Guide for Services Enabled by Anoto Functionality", Anoto AB, Sweden: TechnicalPublications@Anoto.com

  • Applications software development kit for Anoto "smart paper" patterned optical digitizer technology

• [Anoto03b] (*) Anoto AB "Equipment/Device: Logitech and other vendor Anoto pens, with pattern paper ca. 2003", Anoto AB

  • Physical devices in collection: Optical digitizer using "smart paper" patterned optical digitizer technology.

• [Ard02] (*) Ard, Scott "Tablet PC's troubled heritage", CNET news.com.com, November 7, 2002

  • Review of some history of pen-computing: does not mention Pencept or CIC/Handwriter of mid-1980s. T.L. Dimon Stylator, RAND tablet Grafacon. Cites Alan Kay dynabook (however it did *not* include handwriting input).

• [Baecker03] (*) Baecker, Ron "KMDB1001F: Interacting with Knowledge Media", Lecture/course notes

  • Refers to videos of "Gestures as Data", Genesys, Baecker, 1968, and "Gestures as commands", Kurtenbach/Buxton, 1987

• [BarrettGL03] (*) Barrett, Gary L. "Light Transmission and Touch Panels", Touch International, www.touchinternational.com

  • Whitepaper on light transmission through touch panels: 40%, versus 95% for window glass. Describes light transmission for resistive, capacitive, Surface acoustic wave, and infrared touch panel digitizers

• [Bechtel04] (*) Bechtel, J. Scott; Blanc, Arthur; Black, Gerald R. and Gustin, Jeffery L. "Developing The World's First Biometric Writing INstrument", Purdue University Innovation Realization Laboratory White Paper, January 30, 2004

  • See also Pen-One, Incorporated, www.pen-one.com. Several patent references for Gerald R. Black: United States Patent 6,307,956, etc.
  • Fingerprint Sensor Pen: Writing pen with fingerprint sensor built-in: appears not to be biometric signature verification.

• [BellG04] (*) Bell, Gordon "A Time and Place for Standards", VoiP Magazine, Vol 2, No 6, September 2004

  • Essay on positive/negative role of technical standards in promoting or impeding innovation, quotes "Better is the Enemy of Good Enough". Quote from Stewart Alsop regarding PenPoint vs. Pen-Windows: "If GO had ever been given the chance, they would have succeeded.\".

• [Billinghurst02] . Billinghurst, Mark and Buxton, William "Gesture based Interaction: Chapter 14 of "Haptic Input" Draft Documents", www.billbuxton.com

  • Gesture as hand gesture, not as handwriting gesture for pen-computing. Mentions Theremin as gesture-input device (non-computer)

• [Blickenstorfer02] (*) Blickenstorfer, Conrad H. "Commentary by Pen Computing Magazine's editor-in-chief", Pen Computing Magazine, Issue 47, December 2002

  • Refers to new generation (2002) of Tablet PCs using ink, not handwriting recognition: compare to Slate note on "deferred recognition" and "ink as a data type" from 1992.

• [Blickenstorfer03] (*) Blickenstorfer, Conrad H. "Commentary by Pen Computing Magazine's editor-in-chief", Pen Computing Magazine, Issue 50, 2003

  • Historical summary of pen computing: cites 1914 and 1938 patents, may have been taken from Jean Renard Ward on-line information on "History of Pen Computing": mentions Pen Service 2.0 for Windows95, successor to Windows for Pen Computing

• [Bodnar01] (*) Bodnar, Eric O; Lee, Jennifer J; Kahn, Philippe R.; Feague, Roy W; Jorgensen, David E.; and Liu, Gwhoho H. "User interface methodology supprting light data entry for microprocessor device having limited user input", United States Patent 6,232,970, May 15, 2001

  • six-button menu input system for limited input, by giving most recently used options firt.

• [BookAndComputer05] (*) Book and the Computer, The "The Dynabook Revisited: A Conversation with Alan Kay", http://www.honco.net/os/kay.html

  • Interview with Alan Kay on history of Dynabook as educational tool: cited elsewhere as mentioning pen computing

• [Breidenbach03] (*) Breidenbach, Jeff "GlyphChess: What is GlyphChess?", Available at http://www2.parc.com/asd/memebers/jbreiden/glyphchess.html

  • Test application using printed Xerox glyphchess pattern on the bottom of chess pieces: pieces' position can be read with chess pieces on top of a flatbed scanner.

• [BrewsterS01] (*) Brewster, Stephen "Overcoming the Lack of Screen Space on Mobile Computers", Technical Report TR-2001-87, Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow. Also Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, Vol 6 No 3, May 2002, pp 188-205.

  • Targeting action on small touch screens, lack of tactile feedback on simulated buttons, use auditory sound feedback in the user interface instead to ensure accuracy.

• [Bricklin01] (*) Bricklin, Dan "Look to the Past to Envision the Future", Communication of the ACM, March 2001, Vol 44 No 3, page 44.

  • Essay that IT technology / human interface components are are already developed (like the wheel), but the systems of the future will apply them in substantially more sophisticated way.

• [Bricklin02] (*) Bricklin, Dan "About Tablet Computing Old and New", Available at http://www.bricklin.com/tabletcomputing.htm

  • Historical essay of pen-computing development from about 1990 onward: Slate Corporation, GO Corporation, Microsoft Pen-Windows.
  • pen-centric UI (term coined by Slate), deferred translation
  • Slate pen-computing applications: At-Hand, PenPower, Day-Timer Pen Scheduler, LooseLeaf Notetaker, PenApps, PenBasic.
  • Mentions Pensoft, Aha!, digital ink, Windows Journal program. Cites Wang Freestyle (syncronized voice and ink recording, no handwriting recognition or gestures) as "totally major", even without handwriting recognition or gestures.

• [BrighthandNews03] (*) Brighthand News "Graffiti's Dead, Long Live Graffiti 2", www.brighthand.com, January 13, 2003

  • Press article on replacement of Graffiti with Jot recognition from CIC/Handwritier. Mentions that Grafitti handwriting recognition had to be in special area of screen, Jot/Graffiti2 can be anywhere on screen. Cites Palm/Xerox patent lawsuit

• [BrownL05] (*) Brown, Lorna "An Investigation into the Desigh of Structured Vibrotactile Messages for Non Visual Information Display", University of Glasgow, 2005: www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~eve/tactonsWebsite/vibro.html

  • Vibrating Transdusers for haptic vibrotactile/electrotactile touch input with human computer interaction: www.eaiinfo.com Enginering Acoustice C2 Tactor.

• [Buxton01a] . Buxton, W. and Fitzmaurice, G.W. "User interface system and method for controlling playback time-based temporal digital media", United States Patent 6,191,784, Feb. 20, 2001

  • See also http://www.billbuxton.com

• [Buxton04] (*) Buxton, W. "Marking Interfaces: Chapter 13 (draft)", http://www.billbuxton.com/input13.markup.pdf

  • Marking interfaces: Buxton's term for for paper-like and pen-based interfaces, gestural / gesture-based user interfaces; line recognition as synonym for sketch recognition
  • Describes character recognition as a "black hole" for pen-computing interfaces
  • Early 1969 animation system Genesys for gesture input
  • Review of numerous paper-like application products from 1980's and 1990's: Newton MessagePad 2000, Liveworks Liveboard, Wang Freestyle, CompuThink Paperless Office, Winfax PRO, CrossPad, etc. Alto User's Handbook (1976)
  • InkWriter by Aha!: recognition of handwritten paragraphs, not of characters
  • QuickWriting unistroke / single-stroke characters
  • Papyrus Allegro unistroke / single-stroke characters
  • Casio AT-550 character recognition watch with finger tracing 1980, Casioc DBC-150-1 Databank watch, PF-8000 calculator
  • First shorthand / unistroke: 63 BC, Marcus Tullius, "notae Tironianae"

• [Buxton04a] (*) Buxton, W. "Resource Page on Early HCI Research of the Lincoln Lab TX-2 Group (beta)", http://www.billbuxton.com/Lincoln.html

  • Mentions sources for videos for Sketchpad, Graphical Programming, Genesys, inteviews with early researchers before 1966.

• [Buxton05] (*) Buxton, William (organizer); Henderson, Austin (Discussant); Baecker, Ron; Clark, Wesley; Richardson, Fontaine;, Sutherland, Ivan;, Sutherland W.R "Interaction at Lincoln Laboratory in the 1960's: Looking Forward - Looking Back", Panel Discussion, CHI 2005, April 2-7, 2005, Portland, Oregon

  • Video and presentation of Sektchpad; very early work on whiteboard "chalk talk" systems by Baecker; early gesture-recognition system by Richardson (?) and Curry (?) at Applicon and Lincoln Labs

• [Caldwell04] (*) Caldwell, Alex "Handwriting Word Recognizer", Posted to http://wiki.tcl.tk/9094

  • Describes modification of "Mouse-stroke cahracter recognizer" by Mike All, which in turn borrows code from other sources. Recognizes cursive words written as a single stroke: crossing of T's, etc. not supported.

• [CampbellV05] (*) Campbell, Virginia "Why Johnniac Can Read: The first big step in handwriting recognition came 40 years ago", American Heritage of Invention and Technology, Summer 2005

  • Historical article on RAND digital tablet in 1964, "not the first, but the first that was practical". Dimond, GRAIL, Groner
  • Recognition as soon as stylus was lifted, slashed Z and 0 required versus O and 2. Ink was not quite real time, displayed only after stroke lift. Quotes Leonard (Leonid) Kitainik of Paragraph, Apple Newton, penandinternet.com, www.evernote.com

• [CappsS01] (*) Capps, Stephen et al "Tactile character input in computer-based devices", United States Patent 6,326,947, December 4, 2001, Assigned to Microsoft Corporation

  • "Tactile" character recognition, user moves finger or stylus across raised guides that are similar to 7-segment or 17-segment character displays
  • Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
  • Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Rammsdonck, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate

• [Casio01] (*) Casio "Casio E-Pen: Handschrift fuer den Computer: Kugelschreiber fuer die Direkteingabe von Schrift auf dem PC", www.plugged.de/news/computing/a1005556375.shtml, dated 12.11.2001

  • Infrared digitizing pen, infrared transmitter in pen, receiver unit plugs into USB port, resolution 0.25 mm at 200 points/second, handles up to A4 size paper. Handwriting recognition from various packages: Lexicus, PenPower, Paragraph. For use with Casio Pocket PC and Cassiopaia Fiva Subnotebook

• [Caz04] (*) Caz Pocket Computers Collection "Caz Pocket Computers Collection", http://cdecas.free.fr/computers/pocket/if8000.php

  • Images of various pocket and pen-tablet computers: Ricoh RCD i-700, Sharp MI-10, Casio IF-8000, Sharp IQ-9200, Casio VDB-1000 wristwatch with touch screen (but not handwriting recognition), Kyocera Refalo.

• [CertCo02] (*) CertCo, Inc. "CertSigner (TM) FAQs", Available at http://www.certco.com/apki/shtml

  • Description of Agreement-based / Account-based / Acceptance-based PKI model for CertSigner, a web-forms signing and automatic credentialing product

• [ChattyS01] (*) Chatty, Stephane et al "DigiStrips and related projects / DigiStrips: humaniser les interfaces", http://www.tls.cena.fr/divisions/PII/digistrips/index_e.html, 2001

  • Part of GRIGRI project: electronic flight progress strips for air traffic control, using touchscreens, limited gesture recognition.

• [ChrisC03] (*) ChrisC(?) "From Whence It All Began", www.whatisnew.com/article1130.html

  • Various quotes from about 2002/2003 about the history/origin of pen computing, by Bill Gates and others. Imply that original Dynabook was a tablet PC pen computer: note that original sources do not really back this up.

• [CIC04] (*) CIC Communications Intelligence Corporation "Jot for Palm OS Version 2.1: Help", www.cic.com

  • Documentation on JOT (a.k.a. Graffiti2 for Palm OS) handwriting recognition and neography by CIC. FAQ states that JOT is not a Unistroke character set. Includes reference chart for non-English European characters, Scandinavian, German, special gestures for newline/enter, etc.

• [CMC05] (*) CMC Electronics "CT-1000G Electronic Flight-Deck Organizer with JeppView electronic charts", CMC Electronics, Ville Saint-Laurent, Quebec Canada H4M 2S9

  • Windows 98 Pen computer for private aircraft, with GPS, mountable on steering controls

• [CNET02a] (*) CNET News.com "Tablet PC: Scribbling into the future", CNET News.com, November 8, 2002, available at http://news.com.com

  • Magazines to public on Tablet PC, Brief history of pen computing to 1957 patent, citing interview with tablet visionary Alan Kay (Dynabook)

• [CohenPR04] (*) Cohen, Philip R. and McGee, David R. "Tangible Multimodal Interface for Safety-Critical Applications", Communications of the ACM, Vol 47 No1, January 2004, pp 41-46

  • tablet and PC user interfaces distract too much by focusing user attention on the desktop/computer, not on the task at hand
  • Review of "Smart paper"/"Digital pen" in actual use (Rasa: military battle operations) using Anoto technology and other technologies: one key is maintaining operation using the physical ink when the electronic system is non-operational / deliberately crashed
  • Natural Interaction Systems LLC: compare with VIPDATA?
  • Use of combined voice and electronic ink annotation for "mutual disambiguation": compare with Freestyle system at Wang, 1992 (not cited?)
  • Digital Desk by Wellner, 1992, tangible paper system using computer vision

• [ColoradoBar04] (*) Colorado Bar Association "JurisNotes: Patent containing mere germ of an idea invalid for lack of enablement", Colorado Bar Association Intellectual Property Section Newsletter, Volum 8 Number 8, November 2004, p. 3

  • Anoto AB v. Sekendur, patent dispute on optical pattern digitizer. Turn of phrase: plaintiff "miserably failed"

• [ComputerMuseum03] (*) Computer Museum / Mark Greenia "The History of Computing: Encyclopedia of the Peopl and Machines that Made Computer History", http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/0000WELCOME.htm

  • Toshiba Dynapad T100X Tablet computer / pen computer (1992), ran Microsoft Windows for Pen Computing, or PenPoint / GO, retail price $3500.

• [Congdon03] (*) Congdon, Bob "Gesture Recognizer", Available at http://www.bobcongdon.net/blog/2003_09_01_congdon_archive.html

  • Describes early Applicon Ledeen/Teilteman character recognizer of 1973: single-stroke Z as a gesture using the bounds to for a Zoom area

• [Couvreur03] (*) Couvreur, Julien "Curiosity is bliss: Pen stroke recognition", http://blog.monstuff.com/archies/000012.html

  • Commentary on Rubine as early Unistroke alphabet character recognitizer, chain codes, Graffiti implementation in C# programming language

• [CrooksCE04] (*) Crooks, Clayton E. II "Developing Tablet PC Applications", Charles River Media, 2004. ISBM 1-58450-252-5

  • Includes example of using stylus angle for implementing a Joystick UI user interface. Chapter 18 cites to Graffiti for UI for a media player for Video and Audio, using gestures on Tablet PC including arrow gestures. Annotation (handwriting ink) on videos: compare with Freestyle at Wang.

• [Denoue05] (*) Denoue, Laurent and Foote, Jonathan T. "Force-Feedback Stylus and Applications to Freeform Ink", United States Patent Application US 2005/0243072 A1, November 3, 2005

  • Haptic force-generating stylus which allows the user to feel a force generated electromagnetically; contrasted with other haptic devices, which are able to generate vibration but not actual force feed-back to the user. Compare with force-feedback devices developed at M.I.T. A.I. lab by Margaret Minski (?) et al around 1980, which used mechanical linkages

• [DesturaG04] (*) Destura, Galileo; van Berkel, Cees; Cirkel, Peter A. "Touch Sensitive Display Device", European Pattent Publication WO/2004/066136

  • Touchscreen digitizer using a touch senstive layer between two optical layers. Uses QTC quantum tunneling composit or piezorestivie material as the pressure/force-sensitive sensor, to be embedded between the pixels on an LCD display.

• [Digibarn04] (*) Digibarn Computer Museum "PenPoint tablet pen computer by GO Corporation", Available at http://www.digibarn.com/collections/systems/go

  • "Lombard" hardware prototype from GO Corporation, manuals, documentation, photographs. Several manual pages shown in readable photographs. Recorded interviews with donor Gary Downing .

• [DigitalInk04] (*) Digital Ink, Inc. "Company contact information: Digital Ink, Inc.", Digital Ink, Inc., 2113 Wells Branch Parkway, Auston, TX 78750

  • Gary L. Barrett
  • Pointers, touch-pads, touchscreens, resistive film (?), integrated with LCD display

• [DietzP03] (*) Dietz, Paul and Leigh, Darren "DiamonTouch: A Multi-User Touch Technology", Mitsubish Electric Research Laboratories Technical Report TR-2003-125, October 2003. Available at www.merl.com

  • Multi-touch digitizer on a table (compare with Entertaible), using separate capacitive coupling for each human user, so that you can tell which user/stylus corresponds to which input. Mentions Human-Guided Simple Search as a prototype groupware application (whiteboard)

• [DirectMobile02] (*) DirectMobile.com "Refurbished Pen Computers", http://www.directmobile.com/DHHome/Fujitsu Pen.htm;
  http://www.directmobile.com/DHHome/Refurb_Nonfujitsu.htm;
  2002. Telephone 1-800-687-6543 x 27 (Chris Cole)
  See also http://www.cadigitial.com/1000.htm

  • parent company, Surplus Technology Group, purchased assets of Grid System Inc. After running out of Grid units, went with Fujitsu Personal Systems Inc.
  • product: Ricoh G1200 Windows 95 pen-computer with CD tray
  • product: IBM 730 T Windows 95 pen-computer
  • product: Kalidor K2000 Windows 3.1 (!) pen-computer, waterproof
  • product: Fujitsu Stylistic LT Windows 98 pen-computer
  • product: Fujitsu Stylistic 500 Windows 3.1/95 pen-computer
  • product: Fujitsu Stylistic 1000 Windows 3.1/95 pen-computer
  • product: Fujitsu Stylistic 2300 Windows 95/98/NT pen-computer
  • product: Fujitsu Point 1600 Windows 95/98/NT pen-computer
  • product: Fujitsu Stylistic 1200 Windows 95/98/NT pen-computer
  • product: Fujitsu Point 510 Windows 95/98/NT pen-computer
  • product: Fujitsu PenCentra CD WindowsCE pen-computer

• [Dodge05] (*) Dodge, Steve "Reflowable Ink: Simple Reflow", Microsoft Corporation, MSDN documentation, January 2005, Tablet PC Technical Articles

  • Word-wrapping functionality with Tablet PC: compare with van Raamsdonk

• [Dresevic05] (*) Dresevic, Bodin "Natural Input on Mobile PC Systems", Powerpoint presentation at WinHEC 2005 on Tablet PC "sneak peek"

  • Microsoft WinHEC presentation on Tablet PC additions in Windows Vista/Longhorn: flick gestures, vistual feedback on system gestures/shell gestures, change in checkbox behavior for stylus/gesture input. Short mention of n-trig touch+stylus electrostatic digitizer, but says "for best recognition accuracy use a high-resolution EM (electromagnetic) digitizer" with coil in pen. Finger-Touch input.

• [DRSTacticalSystems05] (*) DRS Tactical Systems "DRS Technologies Acquires Walkabout Computers", Press release, June 27, 2005, available at www.drs-ts.com

  • Ruggedized tablet PCs with integrated tablet and display: product line originally from Walkabout, acquired by DRS Tactical Systems

• [DSInternational05] (*) DSInternational "DigiMemo Digital Writing Pad", Fentek Industries, Cottonwood AZ: www.fentek-ind.com/digimemo.htm

  • Clipboard-styled digitizer with internal storage for electronic ink -- no built-in display

• [Em03a] (*) Em, Davic "Beyond the Tablet PC", byte.com, June 16, 2003

  • Fujitsu Lifebook P1000: Windows XP Home edition rather than Tablet PC edition: integrated touchscreen, not proximity tablet. Apparently touchscreen used as best alternative to mouse (versus touchpad) to get very small form factor.

• [Ericson01] (*) Ericson, Petter and Edsoe, Tomas "Identification of a virtual raster pattern", WIPO International Patent WO 01/75783 A1, 11 October 2001

  • Describes Anoto technology for an optical "smart paper" digitizer, using modified virtual raster pattern marks: position determination using fourier analysys

• [EverNote04] (*) EverNote.com "EverNote - ritePen product information", www.evernote.com

  • Successor to Paragraph handwriting character recognition for Pen-Windows: Full-screen writing, floating toolbar, editing gestures for capitalization, any Windows application
  • ritePen and riteScript handwriting recognition technology for unconstrained handwriting recognition
  • riteForm forms input with context-sensitive recognition with templates and dictionaries : compare with field types and subsets in PenCept, CIC, GridPAD.
  • gestures for text editing, word menu, pop-up punctuation pane, cut/paste, on-line dictionary
  • on-line demo of recognition using mouse: Javascript? Java? OCX?

• [EveryMac04] (*) EveryMac.com "Newton MessagePad Series", www.everymac.com

  • Technical specifications on Apple Newton MessagePad 130: textured display to give a more paper-like writing surface
  • Newton OS attempted to recognize natural handwriting. Artificial intelligence to tie / link relevant information together

• [EverythingPen05] (*) EverythingPen.com "Service Companies", www.everythingpen.com

  • List of service companies working with Anoto technology: includes www.digipen.de, www.changing-tides.co.za, NetPen UK netb2b2.com, www.penvision.de

• [FaaborgAJ02] (*) Faaborg, Alexander J. "Using Neural Networks to Create and Adaptive Character Recognition System", Research Report, Cornerll University, ithaca NY, May 14, 2002

  • Report on back-propogation neural network: performance recognition accuracy went down when more than 12 characters were in the handwriting test set. Handwriting styles had drastic effects on recognition accuracy. Somewhat unencouraging about neural networks: training of a neural network can be laborious.

• [FASgroup05] (*) FAS Group "Forms Automation System", www.fasgroup.net

  • Consortium of companies developing applications using "smart paper" or "digital paper" (see Anoto), no separate tablet, data capture occurs in real time on patterned paper
  • Datasheet, Forms Automation System 1.2, Digital Pen and Paper

• [Fingerworks03] (*) FingerWorks Inc. "iGesture Game Mode Guide", www.fingerworks.com

  • Multi-touch Touchpad digitizer tablet with built-in gesture recognition. Gestures for electronic games multiple gestures.

• [Fingold03] (*) Fingold, Jonathan "Persisting Ink with Attached Recognition Data", Microsoft Corporation, MSDN documentation, April 2003.

  • compare with deferred recognition by Slate

• [Fischetti01] (*) Fischetti, Mark "Working Knowledge - Touchscreens", Scientific American, April 2001, pp. 102-103

  • Mentions Elographics resistive-film design 1977, Infrared touchscreen used underwater: cites advantages of touchscreen technologies for electronic voting, but does not mention other security considerations.

• [Flaherty03] (*) Flaherty, Gopi "Gesture Toolkits", Technical Presentation April 15, 2003

  • Overview of gesture-based interfaces: Describes retro-fitted gesture interfaces on exiting applications a "Boring Gesture Systems", gesture-based user interfaces will require new forms of interaction: PenInputPanel of Microsoft TabletPC
  • Ambiguity of recognition, and of segmentation of handwriting/sketch strokes

• [FleischmannM04a] (*) Fleischmann, Monika; Straus, Wolfgang; Li, Yinlin; Groenegress, Christoph "Gesture-based input device for a user interface of a computer", European Patent EP1457863, September 15, 2004

  • Hardware patent (but is labeled "Software Patent") on electrostatic/capacitive non-contact digitizer, similar in principle to a theremin, to sense in-air gestures. Hardware for iPoint device from Fraunhofer Institut?

• [FriedlandG01] (*) Friedlenad, Gerald; Knipping, Lars; Rojas, Raul "E-Chalk Technical Description", Technical Report, Freie Universitaet Berling, Insitut fuer Informatik, August 28, 2001. Available at www.match.tu-berlin.de

  • Research group investigating various whiteboard systems for university instruction and remote education, using commercial products. Points out useful things of traditional chalkboard/whiteboard: high contrast, large size, easy to use. Handwriting recognition to enter mathematical equations for plotting easier than keyboard during a lecture. Termination of handwriting is a down-left gesture / new-line symbol. Clients software is java-enabled browser (downloaded Java client.) Mimio (from Virtual Ink) ultrasonic digitizer pen not usuable due to delays (from filtering to remove digitizer jitter). Wacom tablet with LCD projector: disadvantage is visual parallax with rear-mounted digitizer. Numonics and Hitachi digitizer whiteboards best. Cites Xerox Park Ubiquitious Computing whiteboard; Zombieboard (camara readins whiteboard, electroncially subtract image of human). M.I.T. Trasnboard: electronic ink for collaboration without handwriting recognition. Electronic whiteboard with voice (similar to WANG Freestyle, but real-time?) by Thomas Ottman of U. Freiburg "Extended Whiteboard". eBeam whiteboard similar to Mimeo, but records voice.

• [FriedI02] (*) Fried, Ian "Microsoft turns a new page on Mira tablet", ZDNet News, march 13, 2002

  • Mira tablet: display with touchscreen/digitizer, wireless link to PC -- not a Tablet PC, separate hardware. Demonstrated by Bill Gates at Consumer Electronics Show

• [Fraunhofer05] (*) Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft "Projekte und Themen - GestureID", www.melodiesuche.de/de/projekte_themen/gestureid.htm

  • In-air hand gestures based on visual processing to remove a known background and detect handgesture visually.

• [Fujitsu02] (*) Fujitsu PC Corporation "Fujitsu and the Tablet PC", www.fujitsupc.com, 2002

  • Position paper by Fujitsu on Microsoft's Tablet PC initiative: handwriting recognition accuracy barely improved since 1989 and first pen tablets (sic). Compares Tablet PC hardware compatibility requirements with pre-existing Fujitsu pen tablets: "hover"/delectromagnetic digitizer versus resistive "passive" digitizer tablet. Notes Microsoft's emphasis on electronic ink / digital ink instead of handwriting recognition. Overall cautious about Tablet PC initiative.

• [Gaca02] (*) Gaca, Christian "Virtuelle Maus und Tastatur", Article published at www.philipkdick.de, October 2002

  • Citation to Fingerworks multi-touch input as similar to in-hair gestures shown in movie "Minority Report", based on Philip K. Dick novel

• [GibsonR04] (*) Gibson, Rich "Introduction to the Gumstix tiny linux computer", www.oreilly.com

  • Tiny computer with Linux and XScale processor, on a USB drive. Can be used to re-boot Windows computers? Similar concept to "Stunt Box" of approximately 1977.

• [Gocinski04] (*) Gocinski, Frank "Tablet 101 Column 3: Strokes and Recognition", Microsoft Corporation MSDN documentation, December 2004, TabletPC Edition Development Kit 1.7

  • Term: passive/resistive digitizer versus active/electromagnetic digitizer: 40 points/sec versus 100 points sec, .25 mm versus better
  • "Building ink chat" instant messaging using eletronic ink: compare with Telautograph
  • Specific reference to arrow-left, circle, and check gestures

• [GoldbergA04] (*) Goldberg, Arin "Developing Tablet PC Software by Using the Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005 Recognition Pack", Microsoft MSDN, October 2004

  • Microsoft documentation, describes how to install Tablet PC SDK 1.7 recognizers on non-Tablet PC versions of Windows for development purposes only, external/separate tablet is still not supported. Tablet data rate is much higher than mouse, mouse not for recognition accuracy.

• [GoldbergD02] (*) Goldberg, David; Want, Roy; Weiser, Mark D. "Rotationally Desensitized Unistroke Handwriting Recognition", United States Patent 6,366,697 B1, April 2, 2002

  • Unistroke single-stroke character recognition. Cites Gabelsberger Shorthand and Organk PenPut character recognition.
  • Has very long recitation of other publications, which appear to be taken from this bibliography. Also cites responses in Xerox v. 3Com patent lawsuit: the Unistroke case concerning Palm?
  • Earlier filings from 1993 abandoned?

• [Golem03] (*) Golem.de "Gestenbasierter PointScreen nutzt Koerper als Eingabemedium", www.golem.de/0310/27910.html

  • Gesture-based PointScreen uses human body as input medium / device
  • Gesture input whiteboard from Fraunhofer Institute, technology similar to Theremin electrostatic device

• [Golem05] (*) Golem.de "Wacom stellt elektronischen Stift fuer PDAs vor", www.golem.de/0507/39388.html

  • Wacom instroduces electronic stylus for PDAs. Super Slim Pen from Wacom, intended for PDA market. Mentions screen / electromagnetic digitizer of 4.3 inches size or smaller. Mentions use of proximity sense, rear-mounting of digitizer to display, asserts better visual clarity and physical robustness (no scratches?)

• [Grid85] (*) GSCS Inc., formerly GRiD "GRiDCASE Data Sheets and Product Information", www.pd.com, www.grid.com

  • Technical specifications on 2005 models of GRiD Computers: ruggedized portables, pen input optional

• [Groklaw05] (*) Groklaw "A New Antitrust Lawsuit - GO Corp. v. Microsoft", www.groklaw.com, July 4, 2005

  • News article on filing by Jerold Kaplan, former GO CEO, against Microsoft and certain vendors: numerous reader comments
  • Photocopy of NDA between GO Corporation and Microsoft, Signed by Bill Gates 7/8/88.
  • See also "GO/Microsoft" file.

• [GuhaA02] (*) Guha, Angshuman, Haluptzok, Patrick M., and Pittman, James A. "Handwriting and Speech Recognizer using Neural Network with Separate Start and Continuation Output Scores", United States Patent 6,393,395, May 21, 2002

  • Time-delayed neural network TDNN for handwriting/gesture and speech recognition. Refers to dynamic time warpining applied to lexicon dictionary, looking for least-cost / highest-probability (plausibility) path through a set of words. Important feature is points with high change in derivative of position i.e. points of high curvature (corners): compare with feature extraction of systems such as CIC and PenPad, IBM elastic matching. Some reference to the segmentation problem (cutting electronic/digital ink into strokes).

• [GuhaA05] (*) Guha, Angshuman "Feature Extraction for Real-Time Pattern Recognition Using Single Curve per Pattern Analysis", United States Patent 6,898,315, May 24, 2005

  • Feature extraction in handwriting/gesture recognition, Chebyshev polynomials, also aspect ratio and center of gravity. Mentions using tip force (a.k.a. pressure) from stylus as a Z value in gesture/handwriting recognition.

• [Han05] . Han, Jeff "Low-Cost Multi-Touch Sensing through Frustrated Total Internal Reflection", Proceedings of 18th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Techology

  • Fingertip Touching on internal illuminated glass causes partial internal reflection, detected by optical sensors. Cited elsewhere (iPhone) as multi-touch reference.
  • Mentions "Minority Report" gesture user interface in three dimensions.
  • See also Pixelworks reference, FTIR (Frustrated Total internal Reflection)
  • Files mention LED Touch display, touching on a grid of LED diodes, the LEDs also act as photodiodes and detect contact reflection, as digitizer / touchscreen

• [Handtops04] (*) Handtops.Com Handtop Computers "OQO's Wacom Penabled screen", www.handtops.com, September 28, 2004

  • OQO using Wacom electromagnetic digitizer: refers to Sony U50/ U70 using a "passive" digitizer, as contrasted to a Wacom "active" digitizer -- reference to proximity sensing, higher data rate, and higher resolution than a PDA touchscreen at 40 points/sec instead of 130 points/sec

• [Harrison01] . Harrison, B., Buxton, W., and Zhai, S. "Graphical user interface with anti-interference outlines for enhanced variably-transparent applications", United States Patent 6,317,128, November 13, 2001

  • See also http://www.billbuxton.com

• [Hawkins01] (*) Hawkins, Jeffrey Charles "Keynote Address, Comdex 2001", www.waystation.net/stillman/ComDexReporting/Comdex2001

  • Cites tablet computer as starting in 1989, focus includes portability, not just handwriting. WinPad as Microsoft effort *after* Windows for Pen Computing

• [Hawkins02] (*) Hawkins, Jeffrey Charles; Sipher, Joseph Kahn; Marianetti II, Ron "Multiple pen stroke character set and handwriting recongition systme with immediate response", United States Patent 6,493,464, Decmeber 10, 2002

  • Refers to single stroke glyphs used as modifiers to characters already recognized, or to next stroke: e.g. to make be recognized as a punctuation mark; presented as alternative to Unistroke recognition, especially for single-character (palmtop) input with limited writing area -- Unistroke, Graffiti
  • Has extensive bibliography, including at least one reference to an internal/non-public (Litvin?): appears to have numerous references taken from this bibliography. Cites to PenDOS, Linus, Blatt gestures for spreadsheets at Wang in 1989. File has notes on Unistroke.

• [Hawkins05] (*) Hawkins, Jeffrey C.; Rees, William B.; Chyi, Debbie O.; Haitani, Robert Y. "Interface for Processing of an Alternate Symbol in a Computer Device", United States Patent 6,975,304, December 13, 2005

  • User interface pop-up display of alternate characters for a main character: e.g. Accented versions of "E" for the letter "E", alternate currency symbols (Pound, Yen) for currency symbol. Mainly to reduce size of keyboard or simulated keyboard in a palm/PDA device, or to simplify handwriting recognition.
  • Has extensive bibliography, numerous references.

• [Hecht01] (*) Hecht, David L. "Printed Embedded Data Graphical User Interfaces", IEEE Computer, March 2001, pp 47-55

  • DataGlyphs: PEDGUI (Printed embedded data graphical user interfaces)
  • Information encoded on the pixels in a passive printed -- or also active -- display can be read by a stylus optical sensor
  • Refers specifically to "address codes" embedded in a pattern, such that the sensor can read position (like a digitizer?) from the pattern underneath: uses term "address carpets": contrast with Sekendur
  • "paper intermedium" by Bobrow et al

• [Heisei05] (*) Heisei Electronics Col. Ltd. "Come-Book Palmtop/Handeld PC", www.computex.biz/heisei

  • small Tablet-PC like product, resistive touch-screen digitizer, OS is Windows CE / Windows Mobile (?), might be considered a large-format Windows Mobile / Pocket PC device

• [Heller05] (*) Heller, Martin "Programming for the Tablet PC", byte.com, January 10, 2005

  • Mentions addition of dictionary/context/linguistic information to specific dialog windows of non-Pen application using Context Tagging tool: compare with JAWS scripts for accessiblity aids for screen readers for the blind

• [HinckleyK05] (*) Hinckley, Ken; Baudisch, Patrick; Ramos, Gonzalo; Guimbretiere, Frencois "Design and Analysis of Delimiters for Selection-Ation Pen Gesture Phrases in Scriboli", Proceedings of CHI 2005, April 2-7, Portland, Oregon, pp. 451..460

  • Selection actions with pen gestures: lasso combined with pig-tail gesture, timeout without motion and without lifting pen resulting in pie/flick gesture menu, clicking on separate button.

• [History.Handy.Ru01] (*) History.Handy.Ru "AT&T EO Communicator 400/880", http://history.handy.ru/museum/eo.html

  • Museum article on PenPoint, EO Personal Communicator from 1991, 1993 (in Russian)

• [Hopkins03] (*) Hopinks, Mark "Disabling Press and Hold in Applications Written for Tablet PC", msdn.microsoft.com

  • remove property MicrosoftTabletPenServiceProperty from dialog window on Tablet PC to disable press-and-hold gesture, because it can be confused with mouse hold on button, such as for audio recording -- example of conflict between mouse and stylus input

• [Hopkins05] (*) Hopinks, Mark "Mobile Ink Jots 6: Using Gestures in Tablet PC Applications", msdn.microsoft.com

  • Tablet PC SystemGestures: gestures DoubleTap, RightTap, Tap, Drag, RightDrag, HoldEnter, HoldLeave, HoverEnter, etc. gestures. Defines "gesture" as an ink stroke or pen movement that matches the set of glyphs defined by a recognizer. See also "Integrating Application Gestures": "a glyph defines the shape traced by the gesture".

• [Huang04] (*) Huang, Gregory T. "Microsoft's Magic Pen", MIT Technology Review magazine, May 2004

  • Article on a optical digitizer technology at Microsoft's research lab in China, using a printed pattern on paper for regular documents
  • Compare with Anoto, Sekendur, and Silverbrook

• [Hullender03] (*) Hullender, Gregory and Gounares, Alexander "Ink Gestures", European Patent Application EP 1335272, United States Patent 6,938,222 B2 August 30 2005

  • Ink gestures recognized using Chebychev Polynomials and Bayes net. Refers to an ink gesture being included in a stroke: gesture is part of a larger stroke? Examples include gestures similar to PenPoint "flick" gestures. Claims specific to Chebychev polynomials used in recognition. Hullender brought similar gestures from PenPoint to Microsoft (appear as "Unimplemented Glyphs" in MSDN documentation.)

• [Hullender03a] (*) Hullender, Gregory and Gounares, Alexander "Ink Gestures", United States Patent Application 2003/0156145/A1

  • Ink gestures recognized using Chebychev Polynomials and Bayes net
  • Refers to an ink gesture being included in a stroke: gesture is part of a larger stroke?

• [Hullender05a] (*) Hullender, Gregory and Gounares, Alexander "Ink Gestures", United States Patent 6,938,222, August 30, 2005

  • Ink gestures recognized using Chebychev Polynomials and Bayes net
  • Refers to an ink gesture being included in a stroke: gesture is part of a larger stroke?
  • In description, lists example gestures and their semantics: e.g. braces (discontinuous selection), circle-tap, , flick (scroll), double-right-flick for scroll to end, double-left-flick, triple-up-flick, etc. Appears to be same basic set of gestures as Microsoft "Unimplemented Glyphs". Compare with GO/PenPoint flick and other gestures

• [Hyperlabel05] (*) Hyperlabel.com "Hyperlabel product information", www.hyperlabel.com

  • hidden optical printed pattern on labels allows for encoding of digital signatures, for tracking of product through the distribution chain. Does not refer to tracking the provenance of manufacturing, or to security documents. Mentions encoding of web hyperlinks.
  • Compare with Anoto, and with Digimark filing "Protection of Identification Documents using Open Cryptography" WardJR04

• [Iggers02] (*) Iggers, Bryan / Bryan's Tech Corner "Bryan's Tech Corner for the T100X", http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Vista/4927/t100x_bigs.html

  • Technical information, software, support on 1997 Toshiba T100X pen-windows pen-computing tablet computer

• [IBM01a] (*) IBM "Ink Manager SDK for ThinkPad TransNote "tablet pc"", http://www.ibm.com

  • Announcement of ink-manager SDK in Java and C++ for electronic ink time-stamped ink stroes, ink annotation, character/handwriting recognition. Was announced about the time of PenWindows, PenPoint, before PenDOS from CIC. Note that "ThinkPad"in 1991 refered to pen PCs, not to generic laptops.

• [IBM01b] (*) IBM "ThinkPad TransNote", http://www.ibm.com

  • ThinkScribe digital notepad: separate digitizer, combined with ThinkPad Tablet PC, sold as TransNote product. Thus two digitizer tablets?

• [IBM01c] (*) International Business Machines "Ink Manager Pro 1.0 and ThinkScribe Digital Notepad User's Guide", IBM Corp.

  • Electronic ink / ink editing applications: My Ink Files, Ink Viewer, Ink Clipboard, note-taking with Lotus Notes and Microsoft Outlook. Mentions Graphics Tablet Mode, operates as absolute-position mouse input for pen-enabling via mouse emulation. Uses separate TransNote/ThinkScribe digital notepad for capturing ink and later transfering to PC -- compare with Anoto application.

• [Inovatech05] (*) Inovatech "Toshiba T200CS als Webpad einsetzen", http://T200.html

  • Technical information, software, support on converting Toshiba T200CS Dynapad pen computer (early 90s) as a web-pad unit for internet access with a stylus computer
  • Refers to PenPad software from Toshiba: same name used for hardware handwriting recognition product by Pencept in 1980's
  • Links to Dynapaedia for same topic

• [Intel02] (*) Intel Corporation "Intel Mobile Platform Vision Guide for 2003", Intel Corporation technical document, September 2002

  • Refers to Slates and Handled devices using stylus-based input (pen-computing), but not covered in this guide

• [IPen4You05] (*) IPen4You "i-Pen - Presentation Digital Pen / Optical Pen Mouse", www.ipen4you.com

  • Optical digitizer pen, similar to Anoto / Microsoft? Talks about writing on any surface, also writing on any screen. Include RitePen handwriting recognition software, annotation applications

• [IRex05] (*) IRex Technologies "Electronic Reader ER 0100 "iliad"", www.irextechnologies.com

  • EInk display electronic book: 1024x768 display resolution. Includes stylus for adding electronic ink text and scribbling, OS not certain, not a Pen Computer: USB port, support PDF XHTML Mp3 other formats. Internal storage is 256 MB Flash. See also www.eink.com, electrophoretic display technology

• [Kairer05] (*) Kairer, Ryan "palmOne LifeDrive Review", www.palminfocenter.com, May 22nd 2005

  • Review of Palm LifeDrive PDA: same digitizer as Palm T3

• [Karpenko02] (*) Karpenko, Olga; Hughes, John F., and Raskar, Ramesh "Free-form Sketching with Variational Implicit Surfaces", Eurographics 2002, Volume 21, Number 3. Also availabe as Technical Report TR2002-27, Misubishi Electric Research Laboratories, June 2002

  • Three-dimensional solid-form drawing using two-dimensional input from a mouse, using a projected silhouette of the two-dimensional input. www.merl.com

• [Keely05] (*) Keely, Bert "Full Client Usability in the Highly Mobile Market", Powerpoint presentation at WinHEC 2005 on Tablet PC "sneak peek"

  • Microsoft WinHEC presentation on Tablet PC additions in Windows Vista/Longhorn. Mentions N-trig transparent digitizer as thinner/lighter than electromagnetic (Wacom). Microsoft patent on "direct hinge" alternative to clamshell, license included with Windows OEM agreement. Also mentions spatial audio on microphone array with Tablet PC. Changes to display to reduce parallax by thinner protective layer.

• [KellogW05] (*) Kellog, Wendy "A Conversation with Ray Ozzie: Cooperate, Communicate, Collaborate", ACM QUEUE, November 2005, pp 18 ff.

  • Inventor of Lotus notes, currently CTO of Microsoft. "Cornucopia of the commons" attributed to Dan Bricklin, benefits of open-source collaboration and development.

• [Kheog01] (*) Kheog, John Michael "Circular Transportation Facilitation Device", Australian Innovation Office, Innovation Patent AU 2001100012 A4, Application Date 2001.05.24

  • Patent (under Australian IP law) for the Wheel. Patent application made to point out difficulties in examination standards of new Australian patent law. Granted, later retracted. Inventor, along with the Australian Patent Office, received an IgNobel award for this invention.

• [Klaehn05] (*) Klaehn, Martin and Schulthes, Stefan "OCR Optical Character Recognition", Semesterbericht im Rahmen der Veranstaltung Kuenstliche Intelligenz bei Prof. Dr. Eduard Heindl, Fachhochschule Furtwangen, Wintersemester 2004/2005, Germany

  • contains historical notes on optical character recognition, citing back to unidentified US patent from 1800, also to Gismo system by David Shepard in 1951: Gismo could read up to 23 different letters and speak them out loud, as well as recognizing Morse Code. Example experiment of character recognition with neural nets.

• [Knerr05] (*) Knerr, Stefan "MyScript and Vision Objects handwriting recognition technology", 1eres Recontres XAange Capital, Paris, March 23, 2005

  • Description of Vision Objects application development for Anoto digital/smart paper: interactive educational input for children using handwriting recognition

• [Koblentz05] (*) Koblentz, Evan "The Evolution of the PDA, 1975-1995", Computer Collector Newsletter, www.snarc.net/pda/pda-treatise.htm

  • Side-reference that the history of handwriting recognition is old, and thus a bit unclear, but history of PDA hand-held device is simpler.
  • Historical reference Isaac Asimov "Pocket Terminal" and PocketSec" for pen computing
  • Photograph: 1980 Casio PF-8000 with character recognition
  • Section on Linus Technologies WriteTop with Ralph Sklarew
  • First hand-held pen/stylus computer: Litton Data Systems "handheld terminal unit", approximately 1977

• [KwokJC02] (*) Kwok, Jac Chak-Lam "An innovative integrated development environment for the Pocket PC PDA", Master's Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, EE/CS, 1992

  • Mentions digitizer problems with handwriting recognition, based on Ward and Kluklinski articles

• [JaegerS03] (*) Jaeger, Stefan and Nakagawa, Masaki "The Callpaper Concept: Turning Paper into Computer Terminals", Abstract only: Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition Vol II p. 1065, Aug 03-06, 2003 Edinburgh Scotland

  • Presents concept (?) for using pen and paper as interface to computer.

• [Jaimes05] (*) Jaimes, Alejandro and Sebe, Nico "Multimodal Human Computer Interaction: A Survey", IEEE International Workshop on Human Computer Interaction, in conjunction with ICCV 2005, Beijing China October 2005

  • handwriting recognition, gesture, facial gesture recognition, voice input

• [JaredD01] (*) Jared, David A.; Florws, L. Noah; Hecht, David L.; Stearns, Richard G.; and Chang, Kenneth H.P. "Methods and apparatus for robust decoding of glyph address carpets", United States Patent 6,208,771, March 27, 2001

  • Use of patterned data glyphs/ two-dimensional address codes, printed on paper to encode position information, first examining the pattern to determine the orientation of the paper, and then to again analysing to determine the position. Compare to Anoto in particular, also to similar Microsoft patent.

• [JarrettR03] (*) Jarrett, Rob and Su, Philip "Building Tablet PC Applications", Microsoft Press, 2003

  • Chapter 2 discusses digitizer technologies, classifies them as resistive, electrostatic (which can determine tilt angle of the pen???), electromagnetic. Discusses nonlinearity distortions in digitizer due to ferrous metal and nearby electronic components. Discusses visual parallax due to refraction from protective glass, not from front-mounting of digitizer tablet over the display. Special problems of double-clicking versus double-tapping gesture, hand motion during pointing and hovering in proximity. Section "Tablet Computing Comes of Age" quote Kaplan book on dramatic history of GO and Microsoft on PenPoint and pen computing, but gives no mention to Martin Eller book on same history.

• [Palm02] (*) Palm Pilot "Graffiti documentation, character set", 2002 Palm Pilot personal organizer product information

  • Unistroke character set, except for cap lock gesture.
  • single tap gesture, showing punctuation shift, write in separate area to get capitals

• [Palm05a] (*) PalmOne Press Release "palmOne Wins Summary Judgement Invalidating Xerox's Unistroke Patent", pressroom.palmone.com, May 21 2004

• [Palm05b] (*) palmOne "palmOne LifeDrive User Manual", palmOne Inc.

  • Vertical upwards stroke as mode-shift gesture to enable/select punctuation recognition

• [PalmInfocenter03a] (*) PalmInfocenter.com "Howto: Replace Graffiti 2 with Original Graffiti", http://PalmInfocenter.com

  • Mentions Graffiti 2 as CIC JOT recognizer

• [PalmInfocenter05a] (*) PalmInfocenter.com "Top 10 PDA "Failures" named", http://PalmInfocenter.com

  • Comment on PenPoint as a failure / non-failure?

• [PalmInfocenter05b] (*) LegoDude522 (sic) "Opening Palm Screen [Zire 72 and now T|C]", www.palminfocenter.com

  • Series of photographs showing disassembly and reassembly of a Palm handheld PDA showing LCD display, digitizer

• [PalmSource03a] (*) PalmSource, Inc. "(misc technical documentation)", PalmSource

  • (in bulk files)

• [PalmSource04a] (*) PalmSource, Inc. "Palm Powered Products", PalmSource

  • List of various products using Palm OS: Treo smartphone by palmOne, Sony CLIE PEG-UX50 with full keyboard, Data Wireless by AlphaSmart with full keyboard and handwriting

• [PalmSource05a] (*) PalmSource, Inc. "Palm OS Developer Suite 1.2 Data Sheet", www.palmsource.com

  • Palm OS debuggers, compilers, simulators, SDKs, and related tools: mentions web browser

• [PCMagazine02] (*) PC Magazine "Tablet Timeline", www.PCMag.com

  • Historial timeline of certain pen-computing devices: mentions AT&T EO, but no mention of GO/PenPoint/Lombard. Focus on portable product.
  • 1956 Rand tablet digitizer Grafacon (photograph), 1983 Tandy Model 100 stylus PDA, 1975 Apple Knowledge Navigator, 1989 GRiD GRiDPad, 1991 NCR System 3125 with Windows for Pen Computing / Pen Windows, 1992 Momenta, 1993 Apple Newton Messagepad, 1995 Zenith CruisePAD, 1996 Palm Pilot 1000, 1998 Vadem Clio, 1998 Sharp Mobilon, 1999 Aqcess Qbe, 2001 ThinkPad TransNote, 2001 Microsoft Tablet PC, 2001 AirSpeak Flair, 2002 Microsoft Mira Technologies, 2001 Sony SlipTop, Amstrad PenPad. No mention of Pencept or CIC/Handwriter.

• [PenAndInternet03] (*) Pen and Internet LLC "Quick Start Guide - ritePen for Windows", www.penandinternet.com/piweb/ritePenwin-qug/index.asp, Copyright 2003

  • ritePen and riteScript handwriting recognition application for Tablet PC or Windows XP. Uses basic gestures with input, appears to make use of screen reader accessibility technology to detect input fields in applications. Dual modes of operation in user interface for handwriting and pointing/mouse input.

• [PenComputing03] (*) Pen Computing Magazine "Pen Computing Buyer's Guide 2003", August (?) 2003, available at www.pencomputing.com

  • Product review of Tablet PC laptops/slatetops for 2003: Acer Travelmate, Electrovaya Scribbler, FIC (First International computer Inc.) SlateVision, Fujitsu Styluistic, HP Compaq PC TC1000, Intermec CT60 Rugged Tablet PC, Panasonic GoBook, Motion Computing, Panasonic Toughbook, NEC Versa Litepad, PaceBlade Technologies Pacebook, Tatung Tablet PC, Toshiba Portege, ViewSonic Tablet PC V1100, Xplore Technologies

• [PenOne04] (*) Pen-One, Incorporated "Fingerprint Sensor Pen", Pen-One, Incorporated, www.pen-one.com

  • Writing pen with fingerprint sensor built-in: appears not to be biometric signature verification.

• [PenWindows05] (*) Microsoft Corporation "PENWIN.H", Microsoft Visual Studio 2005, Microsoft Corporation

  • PenWin.h include file: gives definitions for both Pen Windows Pen Services 2.0, and Pen Services 1.0. Last copyright date in file is 1995.

• [Pentel05] (*) Pentel Co. Ltd. "AirPen Storage Notebook product information, PC NoteTaker", www.pegatech.com

  • AirPen: Notebook/filofax with built-in ultrasonic/acoustic digitizer and pen, storage of handwritten notes as electronic ink, transfer to PC later
  • Descriptions in Japanese and English: Developed by Pegasus Technology of Israel, manufactored by Pentl Co. Lt. of Japan: www.airpen.jp
  • PC NoteTaker: ultrasonic/acoustic digitizer to be mounted on normal clipboard tablet
  • Compare with Polhemus, Science Accessories

• [Pettersson03a] (*) Petterson, Mats Petter "Method and Device for Decoding a Position-Coding Pattern", WIPI International Patent WO 03/038741 A1, 8 May 2003

  • Anoto position calculation

• [Pettersson03a] (*) Petterson, Mats Petter "Method and Device for Decoding a Position-Coding Pattern", WIPI International Patent WO 03/038741 A1, 8 May 2003

  • Anoto position calculation

• [Pegasus05] (*) Pegasus Inc. "PC NoteTaker digitizer / Pegasus USB PC compact notetaker", www.rapserv.com/au/prod5454.htm

  • Sonic digitizer, 100 DPI, intended as a portable product. Joint marking in a Reefalo-style notebook, no OS built in, mentions interface to PenTel character recognition

• [PenpointMuseum05] (*) Penpoint Museum "The PenPoint Museum", http://www.ojisan.com/penpoint/index.shtml

  • In Japanese: On-line museum for PenPoint. Images of documentation in Japanese

• [Pettersson03b] (*) Petterson, Mats Petter "Reconstruction of Virtual Raster", WIPI International Patent WO 03/049023 A1, 12 June 2003

  • Anoto rasterization pattern and encoding

• [Pettersson03c] (*) Petterson, Mats Petter and Bjoerklund, Andreas "Position Code", United States Patent 6,667,695, December 23, 2003

  • Anoto optical digitizer technology for "smart paper", refers specifically to not needing much pattern memory to realize the encoding of information that is larger than the writing surface
  • Specificially refers to determining rotation

• [PhatWare05] (*) PhatWare Corporation "CalliGrapher 7.5 for Pocet PCs", Available at www.phatware.com

  • Handwriting recognition software for Windows CE: multiple/separate versions for European/Roman languages, includes pop-up keyboards, other GUI features, single-character mode, PenCommander mode (like recognition macros?)

• [Pinard03] (*) Pinar, Debbie and Oddy, Douglas "Telephone with Handwriting Recognition", United States Patent 6,522,729, February 18, 2003

  • Signature verification for cell phone access using a writing touchpad: uses a separate touchpad, not a stylus or pen built into the phone, as some other technologies do

• [Lake01] (*) Lake, Matt "Lifting the Cover of those Ubiquitous Touch Screens", New York Times, Thursday March 15, 2001, page G7 top

  • Resistive overlay screens, capacitive overlay digitizers, scanning infrared touch screens, surface acoustic wave SAW

• [Lapstun04a] (*) Lapstun, Paul and Silverbrook, Kia "Sensing Device for Coded Electronic Ink Surface", United States Patent 6,724,374, April 20, 2004

  • Austrailian development. Pen digitizer, using printed pattern on same surface as electronic ink. Refers to detecting regions via a printed code: compare with dataglyphs. Refers to detecting motion of sensor, rather than position of sensor. Refers to Memjet and Netpage, printing of forms. Bennett and Sekendur patents as prior art. Compare also to "Protection of Identification Documents using Open Cryptography", WardJRW04.

• [Lapstun04b] (*) Lapstun, Paul; Silverbrook, Kia; and Lapstun, Anne "Method and System for Note Taking using Processing Sensor", United States Patent 6,829,387, December 7, 2004

  • Austrailian development. Pen digitizer, using printed pattern on same surface as electronic ink. Refers to detecting regions via a printed code: compare with dataglyphs. Refers to detecting motion of sensor, rather than position of sensor. Refers to Memjet and Netpage, printing of forms. Bennett and Sekendur patents as prior art. Compare also to "Protection of Identification Documents using Open Cryptography", WardJRW04.

• [Lapstun05] (*) Lapstun, Paul and Silverbrook, Kia "Hand-Drawing Capture via Interface Surface Having Coded Marks", United States Patent 6,947,027, September 20, 2005

  • Optical Digitizer and intelligent paper, combined with encoded information in a particular writing/drawing field. Cites Sekendur95, Bennett91, and Ward96. Uses term netpage.

• [LaViola04] (*) LaViola, Joseph J. Jr. and Zeleznik, Robert C. "MathPad(2): a system for the creation and exploration of mathematical sketches", ACM Transactions on Graphics, Volume 23, Issue 3, August 2004; Proceedings of the 2004 SIGGRAPH Converence, Session: Identifying and sketching the future

  • Abstract and references only
  • Several citations to recognition/editing of mathematical expressions, but no citations to 1970's work, anything prior to 1990s

• [LaViola05] (*) LaViola, Joseph J. Jr. "Mathematical Sketching: A New Approach to Creating and Exploring Dynamic Illustrations", Ph. D. Thesis, Brown University, May 2005

  • recognition/editing of mathematical expressions: mentions gestures for equation editing

• [Leapfrog05] (*) Leapfrog Enterprizes Inc. "Instruction Manual: FLY PenTop computer", www.leapfrog.com

  • Educational toy device: Anoto pen optical paper digitizer tablet, with educational games. One example is drawing a calculator on paper, then using the calculator. Unclear what recognition technologies (if any) used.

• [Lemelson04] (*) Lemelson, Samuel (subject) "Lemelson's Legacy: Great Inventor or Patent Hoarder?", www.wweek.com, www.cognex.com, www.techdirt.com, other sources

  • Articles on Samual Lemelson "submarine patents", Cognex lawsuit to invalidate, Lemelson foundation funding projects for small inventors at M.I.T., etc.

• [Logitech04] (*) Logitech Inc. "Logitech io2 Digital Writing System, Logitech io Digital Pen", www.logitech.com

  • Logitech version of Anoto digital pens: applications include handwritten notes, handwriting recognition. MyScript notes by Vision Objects with shape recognition. Background handwriting recognition for indexing documents.

• [Luckman01] (*) Luckman, Coling G; Hecht, David L; Petrie, Glen W; and Kaplan, Ronald M "Method and apparatus for embedding translation information in text-based imaged data", European Patent Application 1217537, publication date 200-06-26

  • Xerox Data Glyphs: see also Giumbretiere

• [Luff04] (*) Luff, Paul; Heath, Christian; Norrie, Moira; Signer, Beat; and Herdman, Peter "Only touching the surface: creating affinities between digital content and paper", Proc. 2004 ACM conference on Computer Supported Co-operative Work, Chicago Illinois

  • Abstract only
  • Giumbretiere: Paper augmented digital documents
  • Grasso/Karsenty/Susani: Augmenting paper to enhance community information sharing

• [LuiCE04] (*) Lui, Charlton E., Altman, Dan; Smith, Anthony Scott; Tee, Cynthia; and Pichalah, Shenbagalakshmi "System and Method for Scaling and Repositioning Drawings", United States Patent Application 20040205624

  • Automatic rescaling and repositioning of drawing images when the font size is changed in a document, or text is move. Automatic adjustment if this causes two drawing images to overlap in the laid-out layout page.

• [MacLovers02] (*) MacLovers.com "Apple Antiquariato", www.maclovers.com/anitquariato/hello29.htm (in Italian)

  • Apple Knowledge Navigator: cited by Ard02 as part of pen-computing history. Apple Newton 1993, Apple Message Pad 1996, Apple eMate (no tablet/handwriting recognition?)

• [MalikS04] (*) Malik, Shahzad and Laszlo, Joe "Vistual Touchpad: A Two-handed Gestural Input Device", Proc. 6th International Conference on Multimodel Interfaces, State College, Pennsylvania, 2004, pp. 289-296

  • Optical touchpad digitizer (intended to simulate a multi-touch touchpad) using optical camera to read hand positions over a desktop surface, and finger orientation/directions. Mentions advantage over actual touchscreens, because screen is not obscured by hand.

• [Markov04] (*) Markoff, John "Newly Released Documents Shed Light on Microsoft Tactics", New York Times, March 24, 2004

  • Minnesota antitrust lawsuit v. Microsoft. Jerry Kaplan of GO/PenPoint, also cites Marlin Eller book on PenWindows was intended to stop GO from doing business with Intel.

• [MartinD02] (*) Martin, David A. "Projection Display System with Pressure Sensing at Screen, and Computer Assisted Alignment Implemented by Applying Pressure at Displayed Calibration Marks", United States Patent 6,337,681

  • Whiteboard system using a projection display with a touch-screen digitizer. Multiple pens, eraser.
  • Describes four-point quadrilateral calibration for projected image with digitizer to compensate for projection distortion (keystone), same method used by PenCept and CIC for aligning paper to digitizer
  • Correct for misalignment of digitizer and image

• [Mathews05] (*) Mathews, James E., Thacker, Charles Patrick; and Tsang, Michael Hin-cheung "In-air Gestures for Electromagnetic Coordinate Digitizers", United States Patent 6,903,730 B2, June 7, 2005. Assigned to Microsoft Corporation

  • In-air gesture (a.k.a. "shake"), stylus must stop moving to indicate completion. Does not mention Polhemius. Spike motion is basis for gestures. Proximity position sensing. Does not refer back to Windows for Pen Computing, which may have had some of the same gestures.

• [McVey05] (*) McVey, J. "Telautography/TITLE> www.jmcvey.net/cable/elements/telautograph1.htm

  • History of the Telautograph, precursor both to the Fax/facsimile machine, and to digitizing tablets.
  • First invention by Elisha Gray 1981, other early patents by George S. Tiffany and Foster Ritchie
  • See also "Dead Media Project"

• [Meunier03] (*) Meunier, Jean-Luc, Dymetman, Marc, and Ferrnstrom, Christer "Encoded Sheet Material and System for Processing", United States Patent 6,585,163, July 1, 2003

  • Printing bar codes or other encoded information on the edges of stacks of paper: cites Dataglyphs as related art

• [Meunier03b] (*) Meunier, Jean-Luc "Coding Scheme for Encoded Sheet Material", United States Patent 6,637,666, October 28, 2003

  • Printing bar codes or other encoded information on the edges of stacks of paper: cites Dataglyphs as related art

• [Microsoft02a] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Building Ink Chat", msdn.microsoft.com, MSDN, April 2002

  • Programming example for TabletPC: instant-messaging communications application, appears to be a TabletPC software version of the Telautograph. Compare to whiteboard systems. Electronic ink renders to GIF if electronic ink support not available on the receiving system.

• [Microsoft02b] (*) Microsoft Corporation "MSDN: SDK Documentation for Windows Mibile-Based Pocket PCs: Mobile Device Hardware Review", msdn.microsoft.com, MSDN, April 2002

  • Hardware description for Pocket PC: resistive touch-panel digitizer. States that touch-panel input is mouse messagea, 100 Pts/sec digitizer rate

• [Microsoft02c] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Die Geschichte des Pen Computing", Microsoft Corporation press release, November 11, 2002, available at https://www.microsoft.com/germany/presseservice

  • Mentions RAND-tablet (Grafacon) and Ivan Sutherland "Sketchpad" as first pen computers Hewette Crane 1964 input styluse (which see: without tablet, used accellerometer). Mentions Dynabook, but does not assert handwriting recognition for it. Also Grid Computing, Momenta. Attributes pen-centric computing to Hew Crane. Cites GO and PenPoint as the first operating system developed specifically for pen computing.

• [Microsoft02d] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Start Tablet PC Input Panel with a Gesture", www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/tabletpc/learnmore/inputpanel.mspxa, November 7, 2002

  • Shake gesture to start TIP/SIP Tablet PC Input Panel on Tablet PC

• [Microsoft03a] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Using Gestures", msdn.microsoft.com, MSDN, January 15, 2003 3:17 p.m.

  • Tablet PC SDK documentation from MSDN, sections include Application Gestures, CollectionMode, InkCollector; InkAndGesture and GestureOnly modes
  • Section "Application Gestures and Semantic Behavior" : defined gestures include scratch-out/erase, Triangle/insert, Check-off, Curlicue/fixed (compare with proofreader's marks), Double-Curlicue/copy, double-circle/paste, left-semicircle/undo, right-semicircle/redo, Caret gesture/paste, Inverted-caret/insert, flick left / backspace, flick right / space (compare with GO flick gestures), left/right/up/down corners with directional gestures

• [Microsoft03b] (*) Microsoft Corporation "ApplicationGesture Enumeration -- SystemGesture Enumeration", www.microsoft.com

  • List of Application gestures and system gestures for Microsft Tablet PC. Lists Tap and DoubleTap as gestures that work for both, cites modal confusion with exclamation point gesture. Notable that exclamation is used both as a gesture and as a handwriting character.
  • Gestures include curlycue similar to proofreaders cut/delete mark, doublecurlicue
  • Dated Jan 15 2003. Cites additional gestures to be supported: see "Unimplemented Glyphs".

• [Microsoft03c] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - Windows XP Tablet PC Edition", msdn.microsoft.com, January 15, 2003

  • Hand obscures view of display, targets should be larger. Default alignment of menus is switched to left, because predominantly right-handed users of stylus/tablet versus mouse. Windows Mouse GUI is modified for stylus input. Targeting more difficult with stylus than with mouse. Double-tap has motion with stylus. Notes differences between double-tap gesture with a stylus/digitizer tablet and double-click with mouse, tool-tips different for mouse and tablet gesture.

• [Microsoft03d] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Knowledge Base: Cannot See Writing with Pen Pointing Device and Super VGA, KB111569", msdn.microsoft.com, 10/14/2003

  • Reference to modified display drivers to show ink data in conjunction with tablet/pen driver in Windows for Pen computing 1.0 (from 1992)

• [Microsoft03e] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - System Events and Mouse Messages", msdn.microsoft.com, January 15, 2003

  • Tablet PC generates both mouse events and system events (gesture messages), regardless. Mentions difference between ISG_TAP tap gesture sent when pen/stylus is lifted, and WM_LBUTTON_DOWN message sent on mouse click. No mouse GUI equivalent to HOVER gesture of tablet GUI. Mouse messages useful for pointing, pen events for real-time ink.

• [Microsoft03f] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - Timeline of Mouse Messages and System Events", msdn.microsoft.com, January 15, 2003

  • Mentions separation of system events / Gestures from mouse input: ISG_Tap events are processed instantaneously, whereas mouse WM_ messages and mouse clicks are delayed by windows messageing service queue. DoubleTap gesture not accurate, longer time between click-like events compared to mouse. Sequence of ISG_DBLTAP and WM_DBLLBUTTON messages indeterminate.

• [Microsoft03g] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - Unimplemented Glyphs", msdn.microsoft.com, January 15, 2003

  • Tablet PC gestures appear to be nearly identical list of gestures to Hullender patent. Gestures include Circle-Circle, DiagonalLeftUp, DoubleDown, all alphanumerics, TripleDown, QuadrupleTap, etc. Infinity gesture to switch in and out of gesture mode.

• [Microsoft03h] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - General Threading Considerations", msdn.microsoft.com, January 15, 2003

  • MouseDown and CursorDown (mouse vs. tablet/stylus) events occur on different threads, for reasons of rendering electronic ink

• [Microsoft03i] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Developing Applications Using your Tablet PC", msdn.microsoft.com, Microsoft TechNet, May 13, 2003

  • Arign Goldberg, Cory Linton presentation on Tablet PC. Soft Input Panel and also Tablet PC Input Panel: can be bound to input fields in dialogs as part of application programming. Discussion of differences in electronic ink APIs and functionality between Windows Mobile / Pocket PC and Tablet PC, touch screen and proximity digitizer. Newsgroup microsoft.public.tabletpc.developernewsgroup on msnews.microsoft.com

• [Microsoft03j] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - Design Recommendations", msdn.microsoft.com

  • Pen as Pointing and Input Device; Designing for the Use of Handwriting Recognition; Interoperability of Ink Data; Readability; external monitors on Tablet PC; Accessibility.
  • See also 2006 version.

• [Microsoft03k] (*) Microsoft Corporation "DOC: Pen Documentation in Windows Resource Kit Incorrect", support.microsoft.com, Article Q86031

  • Re-publication of 1992(?) Notice about Windows for Pen computing 1.0, on sample tablet drivers for WACOM and Scriptel tablets being included with Pen OAK separatly from version 3.1 of Windows SDK.

• [Microsoft04a] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Windows XP Tablet PC Edition: Tablet PC: An Overview", msdn.microsoft.com, August 25, 2004

  • Electronic ink / gesture integration with Microsoft Office: specifically states that Tablet PCs use an electromagnetic digitizer (with proximity) and not a resistive-touch screen: mentions palm-rest problem of resistive touch screens

• [Microsoft04b] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Issues that may occur with mobile devices that use Outlook Mobile Access and the Windows Mobile operating system or the Pocket PC 2003 operating system", msdn.microsoft.com, KB871185, 7/21/2004

  • Failure to support extended (non-ASCII7) characters in Pocket PC OS: explicit reference to Windows Mobile Operating System, Pocket PC operating system.

• [Microsoft04c] (*) Microsoft Corporation "WISPTIS.EXE running on Terminal Server", Google Groups: microsoft.public.windows.terminal_services, June 28, 2004

  • WISPTIS.EXE Windows Ink Services for Pen, Tablet Input Subsystem: installed automatically by Adobe Acrobat 6 and other application even if not originally present on Windows XP Operating System, not just Tablet PC.

• [Microsoft04d] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Deploying Microsoft Windows XP TabletPC Edition 2005", www.microsoft.com/technet: updated August 5, 2004

  • Automated installation scripting for Tablet PC: notes that Tablet PC must have additional hardware buttons for changing orientation of the display, CTL-ALT-DEL reboot. TabTip.exe, tpa.exe, wisptis.exe services. Linearity Data in system registry for correction of position accuracy errors in the particular digitizer tablet.

• [Microsoft05a] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Die Geschichte des Pen Computing", www.microsoft.com

  • Microsoft press note on the history of pen computing: factual errors include statement of RAND Tablet Grafacon as the first digitzing tablet. Mentions Hewlette Crane at Stanford Research Institute with 1964 patent, but not earlier work. Also omits later references to CIC, only to SRI.
  • Alan Kay Dynabook: does not specifically repeat assertion that the Dynabook "vision" included handwriting recognition or pen/tablet computing

• [Microsoft05b] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - Ink Data", msdn.microsoft.com

  • Defines stroke as pen-down/pen-move/pen-up. Stroke data consists of packets of X/Y co-ordinates and other PacketDescription data: pressure (tip-force), angle, etc. "Cusps" changed by bezier processing (filtering/pre-processing) into loops. Describes cusps as parse points for erasing electronic ink, without regard to handwriting recognition.

• [Microsoft05c] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Knowledge Base: Drag-and-Drop Editing not Functional with Pen Windows", msdn.microsoft.com, 5/20/2005, KB110398

  • Notes conflict between behaviors of mouse GUI and tablet PC GUI (mostly likely PressHold gesture?) in Windows for Pen Computing 1.0

• [Microsoft05d] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Platform Builder for Microsoft Windows CE 5.0: Debugging Resources Overview", msdn.microsoft.com

  • Debugging/development tools for Windows Mobile 5.0: reference to Windows Mobile OS, Windows Mobile 5.0 as an OS

• [Microsoft05e] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Windows Mobile Version 5.0 SDK: Code Samples", msdn.microsoft.com

  • Explicit reference to Windows Mobile OS
  • Dvorak Soft Input Panel / SIP / simulated/virtual keyboard on Windows Mobile

• [Microsoft05f] (*) Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - Ink Analysis", msdn.microsoft.com

  • Ink Analysis has Divider and DivisionResult processing to segment ink for electronic ink editing, compare to van Raamsdonk.

• [Milekic05] (*) Milekic, Slavoljub "User Interface for Removing an Object from a Display", United States Patent 6,920,619, July 19, 2005

  • User interface via direct manipulation on a touchscreen: in particular a gesture-like flick (rapid motion) results in object being "thrown away" / deleted rather than being moved around. Appears to refer to directional gestures with different meanings, but does not describe a recognizer of shapes per se.

• [Mimio04] (*) Mimio / Virtual Ink "Mimio Interactive Whiteboards, by Virtual Ink", http://www.mimio.com

  • wireless digitizer tablet, also works with laptop computer

• [Mitsubishi04a] (*) Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories "Freehand Touch Gestures", Available at www.merl.com

  • multi-touch hand gestures on an interactive tabletop. Compare with Entertaible.

• [Mitsubishi04b] (*) Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories "DiamondTouch", Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories Press Release: November 25, 2004. Available at http://www.merl.com

  • Digitizer tablet using electrostatic/capacitive sensing in a table-top display surface. Multi-touch. Compare with Entertaible.

• [Mitsubishi05a] (*) Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories "Haptic Stylus", Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories Press Release: July 14, 2005. Available at http://www.merl.com

  • Part of DiamondTouch project: solenoid vibrator in a handheld stylus to give different tactile feedback when stylus of digitizer is over a particular icon or object in proximity

• [Morton03] (*) Morton, J, Kevin "Disability Law Blog: MyIE2: Super Drag and Drop and Mouse Gestures", www.jkevinmorgon.com

  • Mouse Gestures with web browser

• [Motorola05] (*) Motorola Corporation "Finger Writing", www.motorola.com

  • capacitive digitizer for determining center position of finger writing on a normal push-button keypad, Motorola Shanghai Human Interaction Research; Compare to Casio 8000 hand-PDA calculator unit from 1980's, which had handwriting input on capacitive keypad

• [Motwani03] (*) Motwani, Mukesh "Colocated Dataglyphs: Master's Thesis Proposal", University of Nevada, Reno, Computer Science Department, 2003

  • Dataglyph: extension of error-correcting and tamper-evident properties to multiple pages

• [MoyleM01a] (*) Moyle, Michael and Cockburn, Andy "A Flick in the Right Direction: An Evaluation of Simple Gesture Based Controls", http://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/andrew.cockburn/papers/moyle-cockburn.pdf, also presented (in part) at Fourth Australasian User Interface Conference AUIC03, Adelaide Australia, and in Behaviour and Information Technology. 24(4): 275--288. Taylor and Francis. 2005

  • Also published under similar title (?): A Flick in the Right Direction: a case study of gestural input: Behavior and Information Technology, Vol 24, Number 4, July 2005, pp 275-288.
  • Comparison of flick gestures (with a stylus) with dragging to scroll web pages, also comparison with mouse input, in PDAs. Flick gestures win. Cites study of Graffiti Unistroke alphabet (not Graffiti2/JOT)
  • Contains references to Unistroke gestures from various authors

• [Mueller-Prove02] (*) Müller-Prove, Matthias "Vision and Reality of Hypertext and Graphical User Interfaces", Report 237, Fachbereich Informatik, Universitaet Hamburg, Germany, February 2002, (Master's Thesis)

  • Has review of Memex by Vannevar Bush, Sketchpad by Sutherland, Flex machine and Dynabook. Shows Flex Machine with separate digitizing tablet (proposal) in 1969. Shows Parallel Textface with multi-touch (?) touchscreen in Xanadu system, 1972.

• [MunsonJC01] (*) Munson, John C. and Wimer, Scott "Watcher: The Missing Piece of the Security Puzzle", ACSAC 2001 Conference Proceedings, New Orleans 11-14 December 2001, pp 230-239

  • Disallowed Operational Anomaly system: dynamic modeling of program behavior using execution path patterns, deny operation when program behavior diverges from learned patterns.
  • Technical reference for Cylant.com, intrusion detection contrasted to signatures for files or SNORT network patterns

• [MunsonJC02a] (*) Munson, John C. "Method and System for Simplifying the Structure of Dynamic Execution Profiles", United States Patent Application 2002/0138753, September 26, 2002

  • Real-time detection of injected unauthorized code on a computer system by pattern matching to execution profiles for usual paths of code-path execution. Refers to instrumentation points, arbitrary metric points (usually branches) in code execution

• [MunsonJC03a] (*) Munson, John C. "Method and System for Establishing Normal Software System Behavior and Departures from Normal Behavior", United States Patent Application 2003/0200462, October 23, 2003

  • Real-time detection of injected unauthorized code on a computer system by pattern matching to execution profiles for usual paths of code-path execution. Suggests mapping programs with highly correlated behavior (?) into one model.

• [MunsonJC04a] (*) Munson, John C. and Elbaum, Sebastian G. "Dynamic Software System Intrusion Detection", United States Patent 6,681,331, January 20, 2004

  • Real-time detection of injected unauthorized code on a computer system by pattern matching to execution profiles for usual paths of code-path execution. Assigned to Cylant

• [MunsonJC05a] (*) Munson, John C. and Elbaum, Sebastian G. "Method of and System for Detecting an Anaomalous Operation of a Computer System", United States Patent 6,963,983, November 8, 2005

  • Real-time detection of injected unauthorized code on a computer system by pattern matching to execution profiles for usual paths of code-path execution. Assigned to Cylant

• [Mutoh05] (*) Mutoh EasySIGN 4.5 Power Pack for Mutoh "Drawing/editing program for ink and text (?)", http://www.mutoh.be

• [NeuroScript05] (*) NeuroScript "Handwriting links", http://www..neuroscript.net

  • Bibliography, Web links to numerous patents, applications, papers on handwriting motor measturement, character and gesture recognition, other discussion forums

• [Nokia05] (*) Nokia "Nokia 770 Internet Tablet", www.nokia.de

  • Small-format Internet Tablet / WebPad similar to Tablet PC, base OS is Linux

• [Norrie03] (*) Norrie, Moira C. and Signer, Beat "Web-Based Integration of Printed and Digital Information", Proceedings of DIWeb'02, Toronto Canada May 2002

  • Digitally encoded paper with (bar code? dataglyph? electronic paper?) information for web links. Compare to Hyperlink
  • "digitally augmented paper", references to Digital Desk, Anoto

• [Noyes02] (*) Noyes, Jan "Talking and writing - How natural in human-machine interaction", International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Vol 55 No 4, October 2001

  • Short essay on use of handwriting and speech recognition: refers to speech recognition system in 1952, "Automatic recognition of spoken digits"

• [OberteufferJA02] (*) Obersteuffer, John A.; Wilbanks, John; Loken-Kim, Kyung-Ho; and Kania, William "Processing Handwritten and Hand-Drawn Input and Speech Input", United States Patent 6,438,523, August 20, 2002

  • Combined multi-modal user interface for pen-computing gestures and voice commands. Illustration shows gesture interface as a touch interface (finger). Notes that with speech input / speech/voice recognition, screen or graphical navigation is awkward, hence use of a stylus/digitizer.

• [Olsson03a] (*) Olsson, Andreas "Processing of Digital Images", WIPO International Patent WO 03/001450 A1, 3 January 2003

  • Describes first-cut optical processing for Anoto technology

• [Olsson03b] (*) Olsson, Andreas "Method and Device for Data Decoding", WIPO International Patent WO 03/001441 A1, 3 January 2003

  • Describes coding pattern for Anoto technology of displaced dots

• [Olsson03c] (*) Olsson, Andreas "An Optical Sensor Device and a Method Of Controlling Its Exposure Time", WIPO International Patent WO 03/030082 A1, 10 April 2003

  • Describes optical sensor for Anoto

• [Olsson03d] (*) Olsson, Andreas "Method and a Hand-held Device for Identifying Objects in a Sequence of Digital Images by Creating Binarized Images based on a Adaptive Threshold Value", WIPO International Patent WO 03/044740 A1, 30 May 2003

  • Image processing for Anoto

• [Origami05] (*) Origami WinHEC Product Announcements "Small Form-Factor Devices to Take Center Stage at WinHEC", www.microsoft-watch.com

  • April 25, 2005 WinHEC preview of Origami small tablet PC, formerly code-named Haiku

• [OTM05] (*) OTM Technologies "VPen Product Information", OTM Technologies, Inc.

  • Optical digitizer pen, somewhat similar to Anoto, does not require pre-printed pattern. Claims 90% handwriting accuracy build into the pen. Actual size is like that of a fist-held highlighter
  • Mentions integration with a cell phone, both as drawing and as handwriting recognition input
  • three-dimensional motion digitizer, onde dimentions is pressure sensor? Included mode button in side of pen, similar? to PenCept (1986) mode button for recognition mode / digitizer mode

• [PaperPlusPlus05] (*) Paper++ "Beyond the Classroom Computer: Innovative Technologies, Learning and Education", paperplusplus.com

  • Applications of optical digitizer smart paper in education: augmented story-telling book, autmented maths text book, using augmented paper
  • Compare to Anoto and Sekendur technology: illustration of pattern in materials is cross-hatch pattern

• [Parc03] (*) Xerox Palo Alto Research Center "DataGlyphs: Embedding Digital Data", http://www.parc.com/research/asd/projects/dataglyphs

  • Barcode-like pattern is printed very small as the pixels in a printed image: optical stylus can read the Glyphtones, and thus read what part of the image, or what functional "hot-spot" you are over in the image.
  • Compare to Anoto and Sekendur technology
  • Says double the data density of Barcode standard PDF417

• [Parc03a] (*) Xerox Palo Alto Research Center "DataGlyphs Frequently Asked Questions", http://www.parc.com/research/asd/projects/dataglyphs/faq.html

  • Barcode-like pattern is printed very small as the pixels in a printed image: optical stylus can read the Glyphtones, and thus read what part of the image, or what functional "hot-spot" you are over in the image.
  • Compare to Anoto and Sekendur technology
  • Business and technical discussion, including print resolution

• [PocketComputing02] (*) Pocket Computing Museum "Welcome to the Pocket Computing Museum", http://cdecas.free.fr/compouters/pocket/museum.htm

  • product: Kycoera Refalo 1991
  • product: Casio IF-8000, showing user writing "meeting" on the screen, handwriting calculator
  • product: Sony Magic Link running General Magic MAGIC-CAP OS, office-level metaphor
  • product: EO Personnal communicator, 1994, with phone, fax, etc.
  • product: IBM Simon concept in 1994, personal computer and phone
  • product: Sharp Power Sarus multimedia hand-held computer with digital camera

• [Polyvision05] (*) Polyvision Corporation "TS Series Interactive Whiteboards", www.polyvision.com

  • Interactive whiteboards: touch-sensitive projection screen, software to capture annotations on the projected image

• [Lu-Porter04] (*) Lu-Porter, Li, and Helfrich, Antje "Handwriting Recognition Improvements in Microsoft Windows XP Tablet PC Edition Service Pack 2", MSDN documentation, Microsoft Corporation, March 2004

  • Remove unusual words from lexicon dictionary, improve recognition of umlauts and other diacritical marks, getter support for delayed strokes: quotation marks, etc.

• [QualiLife02] (*) QualiLife SA "QualiEye User's Manual", www.qualilife.com

  • Pointing device using head motion: assistive technology device to replace mouse/tablet.
  • Compare with Don Drumm "Orb" device which used head tilt and simple speaking tube for mouse clicks, rather than head rotation for both position and clicks

• [ReadJC03] (*) Read, Janet C.; MacFarlane, Stuart; and Casey, Chris "'Good enough for what?" Acceptance of Handwriting Recognition Errors by Child Users", Proc. 2003 Conf. on Interactive Design for Children, poster paper, page 155.

  • Wizard-of-Oz study (simulated recognition): brighter children were concistently less satisfied with the same recognition performance than less-bright children. Acceptable performance seemed to be around 91%. Contrast with LaLomia study for adults.

• [Rekimoto02] (*) Rekimoto, Jun "SmartSkin: An Infrastructure for Freehand Manipulation on Interactive Surfaces", Proc. CHI 2002, April 20-25, 2002, Minneapolis Minnesota

  • Multi-touch touchpad capacitive digitizer in a table surface, uses both position and distance of hand to surface to simulate manipulation of objects projected visually from overhead (e.g. playing cards). Hand-gesture recognition, bimanual (haptic) interface

• [RowleyH04] (*) Rowley, Henry; Bennett, John; Abdulkader, Ahmad; and Slavik, Peter "Reducing and Controlling sizes of Prototype-Based Recognizers", United States Patent Application 2004/0002986 A1, January 1, 2004

  • For a training-based (handwriting) recognizer using fixed prototypes, method of determining the prototype which has the greatest contribution to error, and reducing the training set size by removing that prototype. Further reduction by removing prototypes with the least increase in error when they are removed.

• [RowleyH05] (*) Rowley, Henry; Bennett, John; Abdulkader, Ahmad; and Slavik, Peter "Reducing and Controlling sizes of Prototype-Based Recognizers", United States Patent 6,970,882 B2, November 29, 2005

  • For a training-based (handwriting) recognizer using fixed prototypes, method of determining the prototype which has the greatest contribution to error, and reducing the training set size by removing that prototype. Further reduction by removing prototypes with the least increase in error when they are removed.

• [SandburgB04] (*) Sandburg, Brenda "Judge Torpedoes Dead Inventor's Patent Claims", Available at www.law.com

  • Cognex lawsuit against Jerome Lemelson "submarine patents" on machine vision from 1950's.

• [Sattler05] (*) Sattler, Michael "Newton: The Dawn of PDAs", www.GeekTimes.com/michael/techno/computing/hardware/products/apple/newton/index.html

  • Personal history of past work at GO/Penpoint, Newton PDA MessagePad, MessagePad 2000 / MP2K development manager Sandy Bennett,

• [Sazawal02] (*) Sazawal, Vibha, Want, Roy, and Borriello, Gaetano "The Unigesture Approach: One-Handed Text Entry for Small Devices", Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction

  • Tilt-to-write: not writing with a stylus, but tilt hand-held unit (e.g. PDA, phone) to select character from circular menus in zones: compare to Quikwriting, etc. Intended for use in one-hand hand-held devices, not for writing.

• [Schaerli01] (*) Schaerli, Nathaniel "Genie - An Introduction", www.iam.unibe.ch/~schaerli/smalltalk/genie/genieIntroduction.htm

  • Gesture and handwriting character recognition in Smalltalk, for the Squeak project coordinated by Alan Kay. Does not give samples of gesture shapes or symbols. Description of symbol dictionaries, but no graphics. 2005 Author moves to Google R&D Lab in Zuerich.

• [Scherotter01] (*) Scherotter, Michael S. "The Charette Project", http://home/attbi.com/~mscherotter/RightPane.html

  • "Is There a Need for a Sketch Tablet?" proposal for sketch tablet for architecture applications

• [Schomaker01] (*) Schomaker, L. "From handwriting analysis to pen-computer application", Electronics And Communications Engineering Journal, June 1998, pp. 93..102

  • Good Overview article on the problems of pen-computing development, though not specific on applications development.
  • Pen-and-paper not a good metaphor for pen-computing electronic ink applications.
  • Electronic ink as a (neglected) datatype in its own right: does not mention JOT standard of 1991.
  • Refers to early research efforts (but not commercial efforts) in 1980s as focusing on booklet/portable units, pen gestures. States that Alan Kay's Dynabook had electronic paper in 1968. Claims pen-computing and communications in same unit first demonstrated by EO in 1993. Notes that training to 5,000,000 characters in the Unipen database is not enough to achieve good character recogntion. Mentions pen gestures.

• [Schumer02] (*) Schumer, Alfred J. "Schumer vs. LCS/Telegraphics and Wacom", Appellate decision in Shumer vs. LCS/Telegraphics (a.k.a. pointing.com) and WACOM

  • WinTab tablet driver with rotation and transformation of virtual tablets, and demultiplexing of input. Compare with Foley 1990 on Windows Input Event Handling.

• [Schomaker01] (*) Schomaker, L. "The UNIPEN Project History", Internet posting: http://unipen.nici.kun.nl/unipen-history.html

  • Description of the UNIPEN format (similar to JOT) for a large data collection of handwriting samples for research into recognition, handwriting dynamics, etc.

• [Schomaker02] (*) Schomaker, L. "Pen & Mobile Computing: resources", Internet posting: http://hwr.nici.kun.nl/pen-computing/pen-computing-container.html

  • User Interface in Pen Computing; handwriting history; InfoPad; Pen Linux; Paragraph

• [Sedaker01] (*) Sedaker, Steve "WACOM FID Presentation: Tablet PC: Pen input is back!", Flat Information Displays Conference, Stanford Resources, Monterey, California December 12, 2001

  • Techology/history review of resistive-film, electrostatic/capacitive, ultrasonic, and electromagnetic digitizers integrated with displays. Asserts that inductive (electromagnetic) digitizer required for hover/proximity (although Scriptel electrostatic did it, perhaps references is restricted to COTS components). Special section on integration problems of electromagnetic digitizer (rear-mounted) with display: inverter nosie/EMI shielding, power supply coil on motherboard, edge effects from metal frame. Special laboratory to re-calibrate digitizers incorporated with each display design. Mentions that Tablet PC spec requires proximity.

• [Sekendur02] (*) Sekendur, Oral F. "Optical Position Determination on Plain Paper", United States Patent Application Publication US2002/0158848 A1, October 31, 2002

  • Similar to Anoto / Bennett / Sekendur, except does not use pre-printed pattern. Instead a CCD camera captures images of the surface as-it-is, and builds up a map of the image of the surface to use instead of the pre-printed pattern.
  • CCD camera for optical digitizer is mounted on a gymbal / universal joint (sic), so as to be able to view the entire surface

• [Sekendur02a] (*) Sekendur, Oral F. "Optical Position Determination on Any Surface Paper", United States Patent Application Publication US2002/0163511 A1, November 7, 2002

  • Similar to Anoto / Bennett / Sekendur, except does not use pre-printed pattern. Instead a CCD camera captures images of the surface as-it-is, and builds up a map of the image of the surface to use instead of the pre-printed pattern. Specifically refers to the surface being the screen on a cell phone.
  • CCD camera for optical digitizer is mounted on a gymbal / universal joint (sic), so as to be able to view the entire surface

• [Sklarew01] (*) Sklarew, Ralph "Handwritten Keyboardless Entry Computer System", United States Patent 6,212,297, April 3, 2001

  • Abstract refers to transparent sensing surface over display, electronik ink, character recognition, and learning mode
  • Abstract reads almost identically to Sklarew patent 4,972,496: this one refers to "terminal disclaimer"
  • Long list of prior art

• [Silberman04] (*) Silberman, Steve "The Hot New Medium: Paper. How the oldest interface in the book is redrawing the map of the networked world.", Wired.com, April 2001, archive at www.wired.com

  • Tomas Edso and Mats-Petter Petterson devised dot-displacement pattern, Hugosson used larger and smaller dots
  • Business model was to be a charge on all transactions that involved Anoto paper pattern, not directly on the licensing of technology
  • Interview about Anoto with Christer Faehraeus, mentions comparison with Microsoft Tablet PC, which overshadowed their introduction at ComDex

• [Silverbrook04] (*) Silverbrook Research "Press reports related to Silverbrook Research, Australia", (various)

  • Kia Silverbrook: Past association with Canon until 1994.

• [Silverbrook04a] (*) Silverbrook, Kia, Lapstun, Paul, and Lapstun, Jacqueline Anne "Method and System for Accessing the Internet", United States Patent 6,813,039 B1, November 2, 2004

  • Optical digitizer for handwriting connecting directly to a Web page on the internet: web page with links would be printed, not displayed dynamically

• [Smart05] (*) SMART Technologies "SMART digitizer product information", www.smarttech.com

  • SMART board interactive whiteboard digitizer; Sympodium interactive pen display tablets; AirLiner wireless slate table (relabeled Wacom product?)
  • Includes software (Bridgit) for live annotation of displayed documents, PowerPoint presentations

• [Smart05b] (*) SMART Technologies "Bridgit Conferencing Software User's Guide", www.smarttech.com

  • Whiteboard conferencing software for the Smart Whiteboard product.
  • WebCam image shown on the desktop via the overlaying whiteboard/conferencing software

• [Synaptics01] (*) Synaptics Incorporated "New Touch Screens Improve Handheld Human Interface", Synaptics White Paper WP-12, P/N 507-000003, Rev A. Synaptics Incorporated, San Jose California

  • Resistive touch-screens use PET polyethylene terephthalate film with ITO Indium Tin Oxide resistive film. Reference to spacer dotes, similar to Scriptel. Capactive sensing can be front-mounted, but fewer layers than restistive touchscreen tablet digitizer. ClearPad (capacitive) and Spiral (inductive) digitizer tablets. Vague reference to proximity/hover sensing with CearPad capacitive digitizer.
  • Defines touchscreen, ITO, PET Polyethylene terephthalate

• [Synaptics04] (*) Synaptics Incorporated "Transparent Capacitive Position Sensing", Synaptics Incorporated, San Jose California

  • Descriptions of Capacitive, Inductive, and resistive tablet technologies from Synaptics. Describes combining capacitive (finger-touch) and inductive (stylus) to work with both, or to work with resistive: proximity sensing capacitive digitizer for pen computing

• [Synaptics05] (*) Synaptics Incorporated "Capacitive Position Sensing", Synaptics Incorporated, San Jose California

  • Descriptions of Capacitive, Inductive, and resistive tablet technologies from Synaptics. Describes combining capacitive (fing