This posting is an annotated bibliography focused broadly on touchscreen and gesture user interfaces, on-line character recognition (a.k.a. dynamic character recognition, a.k.a. pen and touch computing), both hardware and software. It has been a continuing work-in-progress since the 1980s. It includes references on related technical topics I have encountered in my career: for example PDAs/highly-portable computing, cryptographic communications, signature verification, biometric authentication, and digital rights management (DRM). I am posting it as a service to those with interest in the field.

It may also be of special interest to anyone investigating any of the areas of digitizer tablets, touchscreens, character recognition, touch/gesture user interfaces, multi-touch computing, passive and active tactile feedback, touch and proximity sensors, augmented reality, haptics, context-dependent intrepretation of user input, and applications including the same. It covers the time period from approximately 1887 / 1891 (first electronic tablets with "touch" input and a display), through 1914 (first electronic gesture/handwriting-recognition input and user-interface system), to the first handwriting-recognition tablet device connected to a modern electronic computer in 1957 (the "Stylator") and the more famous Rand Tablet (1961), to the present day.

As with any subject, the focus has modulated over the decades, and this bibliography follows these topics both forward in time, and historically back in time. Tablets and touchscreens have evolved into a variety of pointing devices, into PDAs and smart-phones, locating and gesturing sensors with three-dimensional input with six degrees of freedom, and more.

For example, there are no real lines between touch sensing for robotics, touch and contact sensing for user human input, fingerprint sensors, and touch and proximity sensing in general.

Likewise, there are no real lines between haptics for touchscreens, haptics for instrumentation, and biometric feedback. Earlier work on handwriting recognition, with handwritten symbols sometimes used for command input as "gestures", has evolved to be part of a much broader range of gestures, including in-air and 3D gestures.

Command user interfaces have merged with direct manipulation, and then with graphical user interfaces and virtual reality. Authenticating handwritten signatures has evolved to additional forms of dynamic biometrics. Haptic feedback has evolved from "simple" force-feedback to encompass tactile stimulation using electrovibration and sonic shock waves, and perceptual effects of visual and audio signaling. Virtual reality systems seem to have waxed and waned, and waxed again.

It is, indeed, a rich and complicated field, in all its aspects.

• This compilation and all annotations are copyright © Jean Renard Ward, 1992, 1996, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2022.
• Permission is hereby given to link to these pages, or to cite or use this information in publication, including confidential reports, provided notice of the source is given as stated below along with the full URL of this page.
  
  

  Source:	Annotated Bibliography in On-line Character Recognition, Pen Computing,
  	Gesture User Interfaces and Tablet and Touch Computers, and related topics
  	Copyright ©Jean Renard Ward

For additional information on Rueters-Ward Services, including my CV for consulting or as an expert witness: URL:   http://www.ruetersward.com.) e-mail: jrward@alum.mit.edu Google Voice: 617-600-4095

References from the approximate years 2001 to 2003.

biblio00 (Prev page)

Main Page

(Next page) biblio05

• [AFB01a] American Federation of the Blind "Product Evaluation -- The Tools of the Trade: Advanced Screen Reader Features", AFB AccessWorld Magazine, March 2001
  Screen readers: automatic labeling of graphics in Window-Eyes, Window Bridge, JAWS.
• [AISquared03a] Ai Squared "ZoomText 8.0 Product Information", Ai Squared, Inc.
  Product information on ZoomText 8.0 accessibility software for Windows: screen magnifier and screen reader.
• [AMUG02] AMUG "AMUG's Newton Page", www.amug.org/amug/sigs/newton, 2002
  List of links to Newton pen-computing software, long list of Newton applications and companies.
• [AbeT03a] Abe, Toshiyasu "Keyboard", US Patent 6,520,699, February 18, 2003
  Keypad-style keyboard layout, multiple character arranged at edges/corners of (hexagonal) keys. Keys pressure/force sensitive, also lateral force: user presses key in a side direction to get a particular character. Compare with Buxton?
• [AccotJ02a] Accot, Johnny and Zhai, Shumin "More than dotting the i's - Foundations for crossing-based interfaces", Proc. CHI 2002, April 25..25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp. 73..80
  Using crossing of two marks (or self-crossing) to point more accurately on a touchscreen. Better results with a stylus, though harder to double-tap (or tap) with a stylus.
• [Acer01a] Acer Inc. "Acer s10 handheld manual", Acer, Inc. October 2001
  Acer s10 handheld PDA, Palm PDA with Graffiti. Touchscreen control of display contrast, alphabetic virtual keyboard. Separate areas for alphabetic and number character strokes. Graffiti command stroke brings up command toolbar. Audio microphone. Tap gesture on AudioBox screen to turn on LCD display. USB connection via charging cradle. Slide-to-unlock?
• [Adobe01a] Adobe Systems Incorporated "Adobe PDF Reference, third edition, Adobe Portable Document Format Version 1.4", Addison-Wesley, 2001
  Adobe reference and specification for PDF document format. Annotations can be text, document, or multimedia file, extendable via annotation handler plug-ins. Encrypted documents managed via security handler, extendable via plug-ins, default is RC4 encryption, 128-bit keys also supported. Default security handler is owner password (modify/print) and user password (DRM permissions: modify/copy/print/annotations/interactive form fields; fill in forms, assembling/editing, high-quality printing, accessibility access to internal objects for screen readers).
• [AdvancedRecognitionTechnologies02] Advanced Recognition Technologies "smARTspeak NG, simpliWrite, smARTWriter product descriptions", www.artcomp.com, 2002, 43 Brodezky Street, POB 39918, Tel-Aviv, 61398, Israel
  Product literature on 'Noise Robust', handwriting and speech recognition products. Mentions special support for left-handed handwriting input. Says special writing areas and gestures are not required, but also mentions support for macro gestures. Appears to be the former ParaGraph recognition technology. Speech recognition in TI/Texas Instruments C55x DSP chips. Multilingual handwriting recognition, Roman/Chinese/special symbols. Presents user with a recognition result at the end of every character: similar technique used in Wang Freestyle laptop with simulated devices in 1987 (see Martin/Ward/et-al patent: though not mentioned there).
• [AguilarRN02a] Aguilar, R.N. and Miejer, G.C.M. "Fast Interface Electronics for a Resistive Touch-Screen", Proc. IEEE Sensors, June 12..14, 2002, Orlando, Florida, pp. 1360..1363
  Generic USB interface for two-sheet resistive touchscreen controller, measures both X/Y position and touch-point resistance (contact resistance?) for measuring pressure/force. Motes data rate (2 ms to 30 ms) trade-off with resolution (0.84 to 0.2 mm) based on measuring time.
• [AkamatsuM02a] Akamatsu, Motoyuki and MacKenzie, I. Scott "Changes in Applied Force to a Touchpad During Pointing Tasks", Int'l. Jnl. of Industrial Ergonomics, vol 29, 171-182, 2002
  Touchpad pointing less accurate that pointing with mouse: cause may be different in force applied to touchpad versus mouse. (???). Suggests using force measurement on touchpad for fine positioning. "Click" selection done with other hand to avoid effects on pointing. See also 2000 paper. (Perhaps effect was shift in position with "lift-off", as known on tablets?)
• [AkizukiS02a] Akizuki, Satoru "Touch pad having fingerprint detecting function and information processing apparatus employing the same", US Patent 6,360,000, March 19, 2002
  Touchpad (for pointing: touchscreen) and fingerprint sensor/scanner in one device, capacitive sensing.
• [AlbinssonPA03a] Albinsson, Par-Anders and Zhai, Shumin "High Precision Touch Screen Interaction", Proc. CHI 2003, April 5-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, USA
  Touchscreens advantageous over physical keys and switches because control surface is overlaid on display. Mentions targeting accuracy limits of fingers, especially small targets. Suggests zooming, and second-stage fine adjustment of location by cursor keys (may be virtual) or cross-hairs, or selecting on finger lift (activate-on-lift): selection on finger lift enhanced by displaying a "precision handle" to let user adjust fine position before lifting, referred to as "take-off".
• [Alesis01a] Alesis Studio Electronics, Inc. "Alesis airSynth Reference Manual", Alesis Corporation, 2001
  Axyz proximity/touch-based audio controller: optical infrared beam projected from top of domed/circular surface, reflected light detected by sensors to determine X/Y/Z 3DOF positions and hand gestures: motion/position sensor. Proximity/height sensing to 6 inches.
• [AllanRA01a] Allan, Roy A. "A history of the personal computer: the people and the technology", Allan Publishing, London, Ontario, Canada, 2001
  Mentions Sidekick phone dialer for DOS by Borland Internationa, 1984. On-screen highlighting of phone numbers for dialing.
• [AmentoB02a] Amento, Brian; Hill, Will; Terveen, Loren "The Sound of One Hand: A Wrist-mounted Bio-acoustic Fingertip Gesture Interface", Proc. CHI 2002, pp. 724-725
  Hand gestures picked up by sound/acoustic sensor on wrist via bone conduction: finger-tapping, rubbing, flicking, detected by sound.
• [AmigaNews03a] Schorn, Christiane "WACOM auf der CeBIT", www.amiga-news.de, February 19, 2003
  Press release (in German) on WACOM Intuos@ and PC/Cintiq Interactive Pen Displays/tablets/touchscreens for graphics applications. Notes 15 year history (as of 2003) of Wacom with pen-computing, first pen-computing concept device (Lombard) and first Pen OS (PenPoint) developed using Wacom hardware.
• [AmroHY01a] Amro, Hatim Yousef and Dodson, John Paul "Touch screen with random finger placement and rolling on screen to control", US Patent 6,278,443, August 21, 2001
  Rolling gesture: roll fingertip or stylus on touchscreen tablet, such as to scroll for fine positioning. Finger tip *not* placed over cursor. May also scroll whole image on screen. Not clear how rolling is detecting: small vector? pressure? (Resistive-film digitizer). Compare with cursor-offset input, and with simulated mousepad on touchscreen Wang Freestyle.
• [AndersonEC01a] Anderson, Eric C. and Dalke, George W. "Method and System for Auto Rotating a Graphical User Interface for Managing Portrait and Landscape Images in an Image Capture Unit", US Patent 6,262,769, July 17, 2001
  Rotate/flip orientation of user interface, and of camera image, when a digital camera is turned landscape/portrait mode.
• [AndersonGJ03a] Anderson, Glen J. "Pressure password input device and method", US Patent 6,509,847, January 21, 2003
  User authentication password/PIN using pattern of hard and soft/long and short force/pressure input and timing: advantage is that input not visible to someone watching. Compare with biometric authentication, pressure/force patterns on signature authentication?
• [Anoto02a] Anoto AB "Anoto Software Development Kit: Development Guide for Services Enabled by Anoto Functionality", Anoto AB, Sweden: TechnicalPublications@Anoto.com, 2002
  Applications software development kit for Anoto "smart paper" patterned optical digitizer technology. File contains additional (and more recent) materials. Refers to Magic box: checkbox or mark box, when PC service detects pattern defined for that area, starts transmission over Internet to URL endpoint for the Application Service Handler registered with Anoto. (Pattern space must be registered with Anoto for the service.) Discussion of world-sized Anoto pattern area, pattern page templates: elements include drawing areas, user areas (subdivisions of drawing areas), pidgets (magic box or text-entry field).
• [Anoto02b] Anoto AB "Anoto Digitial Paper Template Descriptions", Anoto AB, Sweden: TechnicalPublications@Anoto.com, 2002
  Applications icons (printed on Anoto pattern paper) for software development for Anoto "smart paper" patterned optical digitizer technology. "pidgets" are printed-on-paper widgets/icons (magic boxes). Standardized icons/symbols for book title, store book, send e-mail, etc. A6/A7/A5/A4 paper layouts.
• [Anoto03a] Anoto AB "Anoto Digital Paper Interface Guidelines", Anoto AB, Sweden: TechnicalPublications@Anoto.com, 2003
  Optical digitizer "smart paper" design guidelines for paper forms: patterned optical digitizer technology. Anoto camera hardware 7mm from pen tip. Vibration/haptic feedback on Magic boxes, pidgets, etc. Vibration if Anoto pattern not recognized, but does not detect black/white printed text (only colored plain paper: half-screen?). WYDIWYG What you draw is what you get (compare WYSIWYG). Traceability code in paper (rightmost 4mm) identifies registration of pattern with Anoto. Example forms for messages, graphical SMS message, notepads, task, calendar.
• [Anoto03b] Anoto AB "Logitech and other vendor Anoto pens, with pattern paper ca. 2003", Anoto AB, 2003 (physical device)
  Optical digitizer using "smart paper" patterned optical digitizer technology, included working pens, assortment of paper, applications software for Windows. Optical stylus (inking pen) determines position, which paper form, which instance of paper form from pattern. Able to determine height, angle, rotation of stylus/pen.
• [AnzaiM01a] Anzai, Masato and Toyosato, Yoshinari "Portable Electronic Device", US Patent 6,259,597, July 10, 2001
  Resistive touchscreen/laptop with transparent touchpanel hinged to fold up onto display to be touchscreen, or fold down over keyboard to be handwriting tablet with display visible. Paper can be placed under the tablet when layer folded down (covers up keyboard). Compare with Refalo?
• [Aplux02a] Aplux Communications Ltd. "Aplux Tablet PC TVM2C", http://thetabletpc.net/aplux.htm, 2002
  Microsoft Windows XP Tablet Edition slate/tablet computer (not convertible). Says "legacy free", optional integrated P camera.
• [Apple03a] Apple Computer "Using Ink Services in Your Application", Apple Computer, July 24, 2003
  Documentation of electronic ink and handwriting recognition in Apple Carbon/Cocoa, Objective-C with graphics tablet and a stylus. Automatic (pen-enabled) handwriting recognition in Mac OS X version 10.2. Ink services version 10.3: gestures for editing text. Gestures similar to PenPoint: cut (pigtail), clear (rubout), escape, join, etc. Untargeted (use of) gestures applies to current selection or text insert point, targeted (use of) gestures uses hot spot location: join ("v") has two hot spots. Compare with PenWindows and Tablet PC (contemporaneous). Handwriting/gestures anywhere on screen, except in specific mouse-input areas (title bar, etc.). Toggle button between ink/handwriting recognition modes (compare: PenCAD). Discusses mouse-event coalescing, disabled for electronic ink (no buffering).
• [Apple03b] Apple Computer "Ink Services Reference", Apple Computer, 2003
  API documentation for Ink Services: electronic ink, (text) gestures, and handwriting recognition on Apple Mac OS X. Ink Phrases: collection of strokes -- compare with PenPoint Scribbles.
• [ArakawaF03a] Arakawa, Fumhiro and Kojima, Hiroshi "Electromagnetic Wave Shielding Member and Display Using the Same", US Patent Application 2003/152787, August 14, 2003
  ITO mesh film known in the art for electromagnetic shielding: metal mesh film with separate pitches in X and Y (rectangular pattern), 20 micron traces at 200 micron spacing. Etch to form holes.
• [ArakawaF03b] Arakawa, Fumhiro; Ohishi, Eiji; and Ishii, Yasuhiko "Electromagnetic Wave Shielding Sheet", US Patent Application 2003/0142486, July 31, 2003
  ITO mesh or film known in the art for electromagnetic shielding: metal mesh film with separate pitches in X and Y (rectangular pattern), 20 micron traces at 200 micron spacing. Etch to form openings, can be hexagonal, quadrilateral, etc.
• [ArdS02a] Ard, Scott "Tablet PC's troubled heritage", CNET http://news.com.com, November 7, 2002
  Review of some history of pen-computing: does not mention Pencept or CIC/Handwriter of mid-1980s. T. L. Dimon Stylator, RAND tablet Grafacon. Cites Alan Kay dynabook (however it did *not* include handwriting input).
• [ArfibD02a] Arfib, Daniel and Dudon, Jacques "A digital emulator of the photosonic instrument", Proc. 2002 Conf. on New Instruments for Musical Expression NIME02, Dublin, Ireland, May 24-26, 2002
  Computer simulation of historical (electronic) musical instrument with waveforms printed concentrically around rotating optical disk. Two-handed user interface uses two styli (mouse and stylus) on same Wacom tablet: multi-touch.
• [ArmstrongBA02a] Armstrong, Brad A. "Game control with analog pressure sensor", US Patent 6,343,991, February 5, 2002
  Wii-style game controller, two-handed, with pressure-(force?)sensitive buttons, pressures used to control speeds of play, height of jumping, slewing of car, etc. See also 6,102,802.
• [ArmstrongBA03a] Armstrong, Brad A. "Analog controls housed with electronic displays for computer monitors", US Patent 6,504,527, January 7, 2003
  Pressure-(force?)sensitive buttons/rocker switch using force-sensitive resistors, controlling zooming, scroll, etc. See also 6,347,997, Eventoff.
• [ArvoJ02a] Arvo, James "Jim Arvo's List of Publications", www.cs.caltech.edu/~arvo/list.html, 2002
  Publication list for James Arvo, mostly on photorealistic rendering of graphical images.
• [AscensionTechnology02a] Ascension Technology Corporation "Flock of Birds Installation and Operation Guide-RevB", Ascension Technology Corp., January 31, 2002
  Installation and operation guide for 6DOF/3D position tracking digitizer. First revision of documentation 1992. One example is tracing (with one sensor) 3D position and orientation of electronic game pistol. Generated magnetic fields can affect CRT monitors. Nearby metals affect magnetic fields, cause errors, transmitter must be mounted using non-magnetic materials.
• [AvrahamiD01a] Avrahami, Daniel; Hudson, Scott E.; Moran, Thomas P. and Williams, Brian D. "Guided Gesture Support in the Paper PDA", Proc. UIST '01, Orlando, Florida 2001
  paper PDA -- user writes on paper (with pre-printed marks/forms), scans into computer, which recognizes and processes/stores information, prints out new pages. Semi-structured templates or guides for user to make gestures/marks on the paper: e.g. orientation dots, angled figure-8 pattern of guidelines for arrows/check-marks/cross-out/asterisk.
• [AzumaH03a] Azuma, Hiroshi; Kayama, Takashi; Tabe, Yoshikatsu; Takashima, Koichiro; and Uchida, Tsuyoshi "Foldable Electronic Equipment", Japanese Patent Application JP2003037664A, February 7, 2003
  Foldable electronic device (e.g. flip-phone) with jog wheel / rotary encoder sensor coaxially on single-axis hinge, accessible also when device is folded closed. Compare with Nishiyama?
• [BabitskyS02a] Babitsky, Steven and Mangraviti, James J. jr. "Writing and Defending your Expert Report: The Step-by-Step Guide with Models", SEAK, Inc. 2002 (hardcopy book)
  Guide to writing expert reports for internal purposes, accidents, medical, etc.
• [BackM01a] Back, Maribeth; Cohen, Jonathan; Gold, Rich; Harrison, Steve; and Minneman, Scott "Listen Reader: An Electronically Augmented Paper-Based Book", Proc. CHI 2001, March 31 .. April 5, 2001, pp. 23..29
  Paper-based electronic book. Physical book combined with proximity (capacitive) sensors for reader touching pages, RFID tags for identifying pages. Sounds play depending on page and where user moving hands near book. Example is supporting sound effects for story. Cites to Paradiso 1995 electronic music with proximity/capacitive sensing.
• [BaeMC03a] Bae, Myong-Cheol "Stylus Pen for Touch Screen and Propelling Pencil as One", Korean Patent Application 10-2002-0028804, October 17, 2003
  Stylus pen for resistive touchscreen/tablet, flexible tip when mechanical pencil/pen is retracted. Also Teuk2003-0080950.
• [BaeckerR03a] Baecker, Ron "KMDB1001F: Interacting with Knowledge Media", Lecture/course notes, 2003
  Refers to videos of "Gestures as Data" (handwriting recognition on tablet, sketch recognition), Genesys, Baecker, 1968, and "Gestures as commands", Kurtenbach/Buxton, 1987.
• [BairdHS02a] Baird, Henry S. and Popat, Kris "Human Interactive Proofs and Document Image Analysis", Proc. DAS V, 5th Int'l. Workshop on Document Analysis Systems, August 2002, Page 507..518
  Review of CAPTCHAs and document analysis: CAPTCHAs first started by AltaVista 1997. quantitative determination of margins of good performance for machines and for humans. Compare with percentage in GrossJN.
• [BalakrishnanR02a] Balakrishnan, Ravin and Hinckley, Ken "Symmetric Bimanual Interaction", Proc. ACM CHI2002, CHI Letters 2(1), pp. 33-40
  Study of two-handed manipulation, degree of parallelism using two cursors (styli) in two hands to track/dock two objects. Two pens (styli) on a single Wacom Intuos digitizing tablet. multi-touch.
• [BalassanianE03a] Balassanian, Edware "Direct Manipulation of Displayed Content", US Patent 6,507,349, January 14, 2003
  Direct manipulation of dragable widgets to adjust properties of streaming data e.g. amplitude, size, etc. User can re-configure widgets.
• [BalchM03a] Balch, Mark "Complete Digital Design: A Comprehensive Guide to Digital Electronics and Computer System Architecture", McGraw-Hill, 2003
  Textbook and reference on digital electronics: descriptions of RS-232/RS-422 UARTs, clock skew / clock jitter, basic computer architecture. RS-422 differential signaling / balanced logic interface for longer-distance transmission to remove common-mode noise. Part 3: analog circuitry: frequency and time domain analysis, low-pass and high-pass filters, capacitors. Chapter 14 operational amplifiers: input offset voltage. Chapter 18 signal integrity: crosstalk, EMI electromagnetic interference, grounding.
• [BallareDE01a] Ballare, Daniel E. "Supplemental Mouse Button Emulation System, Method and Apparatus for a Coordinate Input Device", US Patent 6,208,329, March 27, 2001
  Mouse emulation on tablet touchscreen: one finger touch is left button, two finger touch is right button, detects double finger by getting strong signal. Other method is double-tap for right button. Cites to Freestyle patent for mouse emulation.
• [BanerjeeBR01a] Banerjee, Biswa R.; Gladwin, S. Christopher; Maskatia, Arif; and Soucy, Alan "Structure and method for controlling a host computer using a remote hand-held interface device", US Patent 6,292,181, September 18, 2001
  Remote control touchpad for a computer, handwriting recognition performed on host computer. Switch between pen and mouse (writing and pointing) modes by pressing barrel side button on stylus. Compare with Microsoft display/tablet? On-screen icons to select stylus as right/left mouse button input: compare with Freestyle "The Guide"? Cites to Pen Windows: barrel button means erase ink rather than write ink. Compare with Freestyle "erase" button on stylus? See Rockstar Samsung.
• [Barcodes03a] Bar Code History Page / The History of Bar Codes "Bar Code History Page / The History of Bar Codes", http://educ.queensu.ca/~compsci/units/encoding/barcodes/history.html, fetched 2003
  History of bar codes back to Wallace Flint 1932, Bernard Silver 1948.
• [BargeronD03a] Bargaron, David and Moscovich, Tomer "Reflowing Digital Ink Annotations", Proc. CHI 2003, April 5..10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, pp. 385..392
  Reflowing free-form electronic ink mark-up annotations on electronic documents, e.g. text is circled, and annotation made to the side. As text is re-flowed, circle same text even if circle must be broken into two for a new line break, annotation tracks to the circled text. Cites to interactive design sketch (recognition) user interfaces, but not to Van Raamsdonk. Appears to have identical figures to Shilman 2004 paper?
• [BarkleyJ01a] Salas, Pito; Beir, Jeffrey; Leffler, Melissa; Glenn, McDonald; Kleppner, Paul; Morrissey, Craig; and Tonra, James E. Jr. "Implementation of role/group permission association using object access type", US Patent 6,202,066, March 13, 2001
  Project management and organization system.
• [BarrettGL03] Barrett, Gary L. "Light Transmission and Touch Panels", Touch International, www.touchinternational.com, 2003
  Whitepaper on light transmission through touch panels: 40%, versus 95% for window glass. Describes light transmission for resistive, capacitive, SAW Surface acoustic wave, and infrared touch panel digitizers.
• [BarrientosFA02] Barrientos, Francesca A. and Canny, John F. "Controlling expressive avatar gesture using pen gesture", Proc. 4th Intl. Conf. on Collaborative Virtual Environments, Bonn, Germany, 2002, pp. 113-119
  Using pen gestures -- not recognized shapes, but motion to control joints of simulated avatar -- for a virtual reality system. Tailored to hand-held displays, with voice input and one-handed input to control avatar. Users required practice to be able to do pen gestures and interact at the same time.
• [BartlettJF01a] Bartlett, Joel F. "A Simple CMOS Camera for Itsy", Compaq Western Research Laboratories Technical Note TN-48, February 2001
  Add-on camera for Itsy small palm-held/hand-held computer. Video recording at 30 frames/second with VGA. Interpolation/image-recovery to recover color data by averaging pixels which each have a single R/G/B value.
• [BartlettJF02a] Bartlett, Joel F. "Apparatus and Method for Detecting and Executing Positional and Gesture Commands Corresponding to Movement of Handheld Computing Devices", US Patent 6,347,290, February 12, 2002
  Commands/gestures by rotating entire hand-held device (dynamic or sequences of positions/orientations), using inertial (or accelerometer) sensors. Slide-to-unlock?
• [BatesCL02a] Bates, Cary Lee; Day, Paul Reuben; and Santosuosso, John Matthew "Adjusting a click time threshold for a graphical user interface", US Patent 6,452,617, September 17, 2002
  Automatically adjust double- or triple-click (mouse) or double- or triple-tap (tablet/touchscreen) time threshold for all clicks to be done, based on pattern of user clicks.
• [BatesR02a] Bates, Richard and Istance, Howell "Zooming Interfaces! Enhancing the Performance of Eye Controlled Pointing Devices", Proc. Assets 2002, July 8..10, 2002, Edinburgh Scotland, pp. 119..126
  Eye-tracking for handicapped: automatic zoom/magnify on dwell (seel also press-and-hold).
• [BaudischP02a] Baudisch, Patrick; Bederson, Benjamin B.; and Zierlinger, Alexander "Drag-and-Pop: Accellerating Drag-and-Drop on Large Screens", Proc. UIST 2002
  Drag-and-drop is direct manipulation, eliminates interaction with (hidden) clipboard for cut-and-past or copy-and-paste. Xerox Liveboard, SmartTech.com Smartboard whiteboard systems. Multi-display whiteboard systems such as DynaWall. Drag-and-pop rubber bands extend towards object from possible targets, only need to drop on nearest rubber band instead of far distance.
• [BaudischP03a] Baudisch, Patrick; Cutrell, Edward; Robbins, Dan; Czerwinski, Mary; Tandler, Peter; Bederson, Benjamin; and Zierlinger, Alex "Drag-and-Pop and Drag-and-Pick: techniques for accessing remote screen content on touch- and pen-operated systems", Proc. INTERACT 2003, pp. 57-64
  user-interface on a large whiteboard touchscreen: when user picks a menu item or icon for an action, automatically move possible targets temporarily towards the stylus/pen so that they user can reach them more easily. Also: electronic video file of demonstration.
• [BaudischP03b] Baudisch, Patrick and Rosenholtz, Ruth "Halo: a Technique for Visualizing Off-Screen Locations", Proc. CHI 2003, April 5..10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, pp. 481..488
  On small PDA displays, when zooming in (e.g. on a map), show circular range borders at edges for locations of interest (e.g. restaurants) that are off-screen, to maintain context. Alternative is showing highlighted/labeled arrows at edges pointing to off-screen locations. Circular borders better at giving information of distance. Cites to zoomable interfaces, transparent windows/interface tools, fisheye views.
• [BaxterB01a] Baxter, Bill; Scheib, Vincent; Lin, Ming C.; and Manocha, Dinesh "DAB: Interactive Haptic Painting with 3D Virtual Brushes", Proc. 28th Annual Conf. on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH 2001, Los Angeles, CA, August 12-17, 2001, pp. 461..468
  Haptic-feedback display (6DOF pantographic haptic feedback with 3D force feedback) used to simulate brush and paint mechanics for artistic drawing. (No details on 3D position hardware?).
• [BearEG03a] Bear, Eric Gould "Designing Intuitive Hardware Controls", Microsoft WINHEC 2003 Presentation, archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20030808211422/http://download.microsoft.com/download/c/f/1/cf1806ad-5a4f-4f7d-a5b2-07fdb59a7adb/WH03_TPA12.exe
  General presentation on UIs in different contexts: automotive controls, laptop, Microsoft Media Center remote control, Smart Phone, Microsoft Tablet PC. Appearts to refer to "Smart Display" as a tablet computer. Arrow keys, attached XEEL scrollwheel control for Tablet PC. Says buttons have lower errors than touch strips (compare: Ericsson), but users prefer touch strips anyway. Section on auxiliary displays: "SideShow" for Windows laptop, external display. Notes that product / user interface features that are hard to use and/or discover pretty useless, so usability testing is important.
• [BeatonBF01a] Beaton, Brian Finlay; Smith, Colin Donald; Blouin, Francoise; Comeay, Guillaume; and Craddock, Arthur Julian Patterson "Intelligent Touch Display", US Patent 6,310,610, October 30, 2001
  Transparent graphical user interface tools on touchscreen of smartphone. Press-and-hold of one to two seconds. Analog (resistive sheet?) touchscreen, but can determine pointer size (to distinguish stylus vs. finger) from contact area / touch point distribution, or by speed of pressure change. One feature is showing translucent/transparent navigation arrows on small screen all the time, can be enabled when needed (reduces screen real estate needed). Transparent/see-through virtual keyboard? Refers to flick gesture as "quick drag". (See also 2000 patent).
• [BeatonBF02a] Beaton, Brian Finlay; Smith, Colin Donald; Blouin, Francoise; Comeay, Guillaume; and Craddock, Arthur Julian Patterson "Contextual Gesture Interface", US Patent 6,340,979, January 22, 2002
  Transparent graphical user interface tools on touchscreen of smartphone. Press-and-hold of one to two seconds. Analog (resistive sheet?) touchscreen, but can determine pointer size (stylus, finger) from contact area / touch point distribution, or by speed of pressure change. One feature is showing translucent/transparent navigation arrows on small screen all the time, can be enabled when needed (reduces screen real estate needed).
• [Beaudouin-Lafon01a] Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel "Novel Interaction Techniques for Overlapping Windows", Proc. UIST '01, Orlando Florida, 2001, pp. 153-154
  Show overlapping windows with tabs: user has better overview of windows in context. Compare with PenPoint? Also rotated windows, peeled-back windows to see what is underneath. If Window rotated less than threshold 10 degrees, snaps to orthogonal unrotated perspective.
• [BeaverK02a] Beaver, Kathleen "JAWS for Windows tutorial", SUNY / Buffalo, Assistive Technology Training Online, USDE# H324M980014, 2002
  Screen reader, speaks ALT tags/labels on graphics if present.
• [BeckerCH02a] Becker, Craig Henry; Glass, David Wayne; Hocker, Michael David; McLean, James Gordon; Pickover, Clifford Alan; and Winarski, Daniel James "Method and system for variable speed scrolling within a data processing system", US Patent 6,337,694, January 8, 2002
  Scroll faster speed/velocity depending on what is in view (larger objects faster).
• [BedersonB03a] Bederson, Benjamin B.; Clamage, Aaron; Czerwinski, Mary P.; and Robertson, George G. "A Fisheye Calendar Interface for PDAs: Providing Overview for Small Displays", CHI 2003 Demonstration papers, April 5-10, Ft. Lauderdale Florida, pp. 618-619
  Zoom (figuratively) into region or information of interest in a small display: e.g. tap on a date in a calendar month view, get the day information with the rest of the calendar month pushed out to the sides. Mentions work on DataLens and fish-eye techniques back to 1982.
• [BeeksDW02a] Beeks, Douglas W. "Cursor Control System with Tactile Feedback", US Patent 6,373,453, April 16, 2002
  Haptic/tactile feedback in a GUI when user is on a selectable item. For eyes-free/eyes-up avionics touchscreen.
• [BensonG01a] Benson, Glenn "Computer system for protecting a file and a method for protecting a file", US Patent 6,301,660, October 9, 2001
  Siemens e-license: challenge/response with asymmetric keys (compare with HTTPS/PKI) for DRM rights managements for file access, partial file access, rendering. Note: Worked with Glenn Benson at Siemens.
• [BerardF03a] Berard, Francois "The Magic Table: Computer-Vision Based Augmentation of a Whiteboard for Creative Meetings", Proc. PROCAM workshop, IEEE Intl. Conf. in Computer Vision, October 12, 2003, Nice, France
  Magic Table / Magic Board: Tabletop touch surface, images projected from above. Tracks colored objects (balls) as tokens/cursors for direct manipulation gestures of virtual objects. Image scanning of full tabletop/whiteboard by mosaicing of multiple sub-images from camera.
• [BergadanoF02a] Bergadano, Franceso; Gunetti, Daniele; and Picardi, Cclaudia "User Authentication through Keystroke Dynamics", ACM Trans. on Information and System Security, Vol 5 No 4, November 2002, pp. 367..397
  User authentication via user's typing rhythms/dynamics on letter/key pairs. Earliest citation is Gaines 1980.
• [BergadanoF03a] Bergadano, F.; Gunetti, D.; and Picardi, C. "Identity Verification through Dynamic Keystroke Analysis", Jnl. Intelligent Data Analysis, vol 7 no 5, October 2003, pp. 469..496
  User authentication via user's typing rhythms/dynamics. Intended as secondary proof of identity when intrusion detection fires. Should have cited to Multics 1976? See related patent.
• [BerqueD01a] Berque, Dave A.; Johnson, David K.; and Jovanovic, Larry "Teaching theory of computation using pen-based computers and an electronic whiteboard", ACM SIGCSE (Computer Science Education) Bulletin, vol 33 no 3, pp 196..172, 2001
  Use of Wacom or Smart Technologies whiteboard in groupware application with network of pen-based computers. Original works cites to 1993.
• [BiD01a] Bi, Depeng; Cohen, Gary Steven; Cortopassi, Michael; George, Jose T.; Gladwin, S. Christopher; Hsiung, Harry; Lim, Peng; Parham, John Allan; Soucy, Alan Joseph; Voegeli, Derick W.; and Wilson, James Y. "Mouse Emulation with a Passive Pen", US Patent 6,262,719, July 17, 2001
  Emulate two button mouse with single stylus/pen: toggle icon to change state of switch tip from left mouse button emulation to right mouse button operation. Includes displaying on-screen keyboard. Input outside of virtual keyboard / inking area is ignored. Touchscreen may respond to mechanical pressure.
• [BiD03a] Bi, Depeng "Multi-user on-screen keyboard", US Patent 6,664,982, December 16, 2003
  On-screen keyboard in handwriting recognition tablet devices, devices connect to a server wirelessly (thin client?). On-screen keyboard protected by occlusion window from being overwritten by server display of data. Refers to "shadowing" of keyboard on display: transparent virtual keyboard?
• [Billinghurst02] Billinghurst, Mark and Buxton, William "Gesture based Interaction: Chapter 14 of "Haptic Input" Draft Documents", www.billbuxton.com, 2002
  Gesture as hand gesture, not as handwriting gesture for pen-computing. Mentions Theremin (Theramin) as gesture-input device (non-computer): File also contains 2009 Draft.
• [BirdJ03a] Bird, John "Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology, 2nd ed.", Newnes Press, 2003
  Mostly theoretical/mathematical text and reference on electronics circuits. Chapter 18 on op-amps includes DAC/ACD digital conversion.
• [BischoffAN03a] Bischoff, Adrian N. "A New Approach to the Electronic Pen Idea", S.B. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2003
  Handwriting stylus/pen measuring deflection of ink cartridge tip laterally to product direction vector. Mentions optical tracking and accelerometers (compare: Anoto, Crane). Upper-case handwritten characters recognized by sequence of direction vectors (compare: chain codes).
• [BjoerkS01a] Bjoerk, Staffan "The ScrollSearcher Technique: Using Scrollbars to Explore Search Results", Poster at Interact 2001, IFIP TC.13 Conf. on Human-Computer Interaction, July 9-13, Tokyo, Japan
  Show marks in scrollbar for where search terms are found in a document. Compare with information/tags in sliders, esp. Russian patent.
• [BjoerkS02a] Bjoerk, Staffan and Redstroem, Johan "Window Frames as Areas for Information Visualization", Proc. NordiCHI '02, October 19-23, 2002, pp. 247..250
  Display shades of color in frame/slider bar of window to show how much document has been changed at that point, readability score of text, tags of different colors for different search terms, etc. Cites to Alphaslider, SeeSoft, Data Visualization Sliders, Scrollsearcher. Compare with information/tags in sliders, esp. Russian patent.
• [BjoerkengrenU01a] Björkengren, Ulf "Input device and method of entering data into an electronic apparatus", US Patent 6,295,441, September 25, 2001
  Folding flip-phone with scrolling bar (rotational sensor) mounted on hinge.
• [BlickenstorferCH01a] Blickenstorfer, Conrad H. "The Past and Future of Pen Computing", Keynote address, Tai Pei International Convention Center, December 2001
  Slides from presentation on pen computing history and trends as of 2001. Cites to historical notes from Goldberg, 1914: historical notes appear to be taken from these pages? Mentions Nestor, CIC, Lexicus, but not Pencept. Dynabook, but no statement about actual lack of handwriting input. Mentions pen computing hype with EO, PenPoint, PenWindows, Momenta. TelePAD SL with PenWindows or PenPoint.
• [BlickenstorferCH02a] Blickenstorfer, Conrad H. "Commentary by Pen Computing Magazine's editor-in-chief", Pen Computing Magazine, Issue 47, December 2002
  Refers to new generation (2002) of Tablet PCs using ink, not handwriting recognition: compare to Slate note on "deferred recognition" and "ink as a data type" from 1992.
• [BlickenstorferCH03a] Blickenstorfer, Conrad H. "Commentary by Pen Computing Magazine's editor-in-chief", Pen Computing Magazine, Issue 50, 2003
  Historical summary of pen computing: cites 1914 and 1938 patents, may have been taken from Jean Renard Ward on-line information on "History of Pen Computing": mentions Pen Services 2.0 for Windows95, successor to Windows for Pen Computing.
• [BlumRD03a] Blum, Ronald D. and Dustin, Dwight, P. "System, apparatus, and method for correcting vision using electro-active spectacles", US Patent 6,517,203, February 11, 2003
  Electro-optical eyeglass lenses using optically transparent ITO grid/matrix of electrodes (self-capacitive?) to control focus of LCD or polymer gel lens. Compare with Deep Optics product?
• [BobrowDG01a] Bobrow, Daniel G.; Everett, John O.; and Virros, Andrew "Paper intermedium: using paper to support interactive educational experiences", IEEE Computer, 2001, March, Vol 34 No 3, pp. 52-53
  Part of larger article by Hecht on Dataglyph patterns hidden in printed material to encode information. Include data collection or links to further information in the information encoded in the pattern. Compare with Anoto and LiveScribe pen pattern. File includes bio sketch of Daniel G. Bobrow.
• [BodnarEO01a] Bodnar, Eric O.; Lee, Jennifer J.; Kahn, Philippe R.; Feague, Roy W.; Jorgensen, David E.; and Liu, Gwhoho H. "User interface methodology supporting light data entry for microprocessor device having limited user input", US Patent 6,232,970, May 15, 2001
  six-button menu input system for limited input, by giving most recently used options first (or most likely next operations in context): compare to pop-up menus, context-sensitive menus?? Appears perhaps about claiming particular icon layout on a PDA?
• [BorowskiEJ02a] Borowski, E.J. and Borwein, J.M. (eds.) "Collins Dictionary of Mathematics, 2nd edition", HarperCollins Publishers, 2002, Reissued 2005
  Mathematical dictionary.
• [BowesJ03a] Bowes, James; Dearman, David; and Perkins Ryan "Transparency for Item Highlighting", Poster Presentation, Vision Interface '03, Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, June 2003
  Compare with greying out disabled menu items, toolbar items: show infrequently used items in transparent color, so not to obscure view of user interface objects underneath.
• [BoyesW03a] Boyes, Walt, ed. "Instrumentation Reference Book, Third Edition", Butterworth / Heinmann, pubs. 2003
  Reference handbook on instrumentation design and engineering. Capacitive sensing.
• [BraunAC01a] Braun, Adam C.; Beamer, Jonathan L.; Rosenberg, Louis B.; and Chang, Dean C. "Force feedback system including multi-tasking graphical host environment and interface device", US Patent 6,300,936, October 9, 2001
  Force-feedback haptic mouse for windows-based GUI, feedback defined by profiles for display resolution (which may change dynamically), different feedback in different application windows,
• [BreidenbachJ03a] Breidenbach, Jeff "GlyphChess: What is GlyphChess?", http://www2.parc.com/asd/members/jbreiden/glyphchess.html, 2003
  Test application using printed Xerox glyphchess pattern on the bottom of chess pieces: pieces' position can be read with chess pieces on top of a flatbed scanner.
• [BrewsterS01a] Brewster, Stephen "Overcoming the Lack of Screen Space on Mobile Computers", Tech. Rpt. TR-2001-87, Department of Computing Science, Univ. Glasgow. Also Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, Vol 6 No 3, May 2002, pp 188-205
  Targeting action on small touch screens, lack of tactile feedback on simulated buttons, use auditory sound feedback in the user interface instead to ensure accuracy. Touchscreen target accuracy worse when user is standing. Discusses select-on-left versus activate-on-touch problems. Small targets especially a problem on mobile devices with small screens, while user is standing or walking, etc. Stylus occlusion problem.
• [Bricklin01] Bricklin, Dan "Look to the Past to Envision the Future", CACM, March 2001, Vol 44 No 3, page 44
  Essay that IT technology / human interface components are are already developed (like the wheel), but the systems of the future will apply them in substantially more sophisticated way.
• [Bricklin02] Bricklin, Dan "About Tablet Computing Old and New", www.bricklin.com/tabletcomputing.htm, 2002
  Historical essay of pen-computing development from about 1990 onward: Slate Corporation, GO Corporation, Microsoft Pen-Windows. Pen-centric UI (term coined by Slate), deferred translation of recognition rather than handwriting recognition in real time. Slate pen-computing applications: At-Hand, PenPower, Day-Timer Pen Scheduler, LooseLeaf Notetaker, PenApps, PenBasic. Mentions Pensoft, Aha!, digital ink, Windows Journal program. Cites Wang Freestyle (synchronized voice and ink recording, no handwriting recognition or gestures) as "totally major", even without handwriting recognition or gestures.
• [Bricklin03a] Bricklin, Dan "Tablet PC: First Impressions", www.danbricklin.com/log/tabletpc.htm, 2003
  States that Tablet PC, "tablet" implies a pen, therefore relating to pen computers / pen computing. Mentions problems of over-filtering / over-smoothing of electronic ink data in pen drivers.
• [BrighthandNews03] Brighthand News "Graffiti's Dead, Long Live Graffiti 2", www.brighthand.com, January 13, 2003
  Press article on replacement of Graffiti with Jot recognition from CIC/Handwriter. Mentions that Grafitti handwriting recognition had to be in special area of screen, Jot/Graffiti2 can be anywhere on screen. Cites Palm/Xerox patent lawsuit.
• [BromanP03a] Broman, Per "Casio ClassPad 300: An integrated system of computer algebra, dynamic geometry, electronic class activities, and more", Workshop presentation, ICME-10, Copenhagen, 2003, Intl. Congress on Mathematical Education
  One of several presentations on ClassPad stylus/pen-computer mathematical PDA in math education. Comparison with other mathematics modeling software.
• [BrownS03a] Brown, Stephen and Vranesic, Zvonko "Fundamentals of Digital Logic with Verilog Design, 1st ed.", McGraw-Hill, 2003
  Textbook and reference on digital logic design using Verilog hardware description language (HDL). Discussion of crosstalk, capacitive coupling, power supply noise, line inductance, reflections, testing of physical circuits.
• [BrowneHA01a] Browne, Hilary; Bederson, Benjamin B.; Plaisant, Catherine; and Druin, Allison "Designing an Interactive Message Board as a Technology Probe for Family Communication", Tech. Report CS-TR-4284, HCIL-2001-20, UMAICS-TR-2001-63, Univ. Maryland, 10-Oct-2001
  Shared note-taking electronic message board / shared whiteboard for families, using electronic ink and post-it notes. Cites to InterLiving Project of EU Disappearing Computer Initiative. Prototype uses Wacom or Sony VAIO SlimTop pen tablet. Cites note taking to Lotus telenotes.
• [BrushAJB01a] Brush, A.J. Bernheim; Bargeron, David; Gupta, Anoop; and Cadiz, J.J. "Robust Annotation Positioning in Digital Documents", Proc. CHI 2001, March 31 .. April 5, Seattle, pp. 285..292
  Study of how users would prefer electronic ink annotations to be anchored to document under revision, editing, re-formatting. Complicating factor: as document is changed, users may prefer different anchoring.
• [BruwerFJ01a] Bruwer, Frederick J. "Intelligent electrical device comprising microchip", US Patent 6,249,089, June 19, 2001
  Using touch sensors (touch pads: see touchscreen; carbon coated membrane type switches) to control a flashlight/light by adding a MMI (man-machine interface: user interface). Touch pads / membrane switches can be sealed, unlike mechanical switches, do not expose user to high current/voltage in mechanical switch. Switches sensed by microchip that adds intelligent functions to otherwise dumb device: emergency flashing, time schedule, etc. See Bruwer 2010 on proximity sensing.
• [BunsenCM01a] Bunseon, Christopher M. "Pressure Sensitive Electronic Devices", US Patent 6,211,860, April 3, 2001
  Move cursor pointing position or enter commands by pressing on force/pressure sensing case or cover for portable device, shows four force-sensing resistors FSRs. (Specifically says "force" and "pressure" used interchangeably.) Compare with force-joystick, strain-gauge touchscreens?
• [BurgerPM01a] Burger, Paul M. "Biometric Authentication System", US Patent 6,219,439, April 17, 2001
  Store fingerprint or other biometric information on a smartcard, use smartcard with biometric reader. Compare with Trusted Systems?
• [BurrellGL01a] Burrell, Gary L. "Global Positioning Device with Alignment Control of Displayed Information", US Patent 6,330,149, December 11, 2001
  Portable GPS touchscreen device/computer, automatically rotates displayed screen map and information windows portrait/landscape for orientation. Fixed indicia on buttons are angled to be usable in either orientation landscape/portrait.
• [BusinessPeople03a] Business People Magazine "Ascension Technology: They Do the Locomotion", Business People Magazine, March 2003, pp. 2-7
  History of Ascension Technology founded by ex-employees of Polhemus, 3D digital tracking systems. Mentions patent disputes between Polhemus and Ascension.
• [ButterA02a] Butter, Andrea and Pogue, David "Piloting Palm", John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2002
  History of GRiD/GRiDPad, Palm Computing / Palm Pilot, Handspring, Zoomer, US Robotics, Psion, Newton, Microsoft WinPad hand-held palmtop portable touch computers / PDAs. Interviews with Jeff Hawkings, Donna Dubinsky, Ed Colligan. Acquisition of GEOS from GeoWorks. Touchdown pen computer with ComPaq. Microsoft Pocket PC, but not Tablet PC. Windows CE short battery life / power management. Pen computing "was a dog" comment.
• [Buxton01a] Buxton, W. and Fitzmaurice, G. W. "User interface system and method for controlling playback time-based temporal digital media", US Patent 6,191,784, Feb. 20, 2001
  6-DOF pointing device (compare twist mouse?). 3-axis trackball ("tilting cap"), with multiple function buttons. Used for eyes-free video editing, user does not need to break visual focus on video.
• [CEDAR03a] CEDAR Project, SUNY Buffalo "CEDAR Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition - Online Handwriting Database", https://cedar.buffalo.edu, archived 2003
  Description of sample collection of handwriting data from electronic tablets, includes legitimate name/address data, identification of hardware tablet.
• [CEN03a] CEN/ISSS "Digital Rights Management -- Final Report", CEN/Information Society Standardization System, Report of September 30, 2003
  European standards report on DRM / Digital Rights Management. Defines DRM as relating to entire life-cycle of the content. Defines DRM technology specifically in terms of encryption. MPA defines DRM in terms of container, which only a trusted /payer/viewer can unlock, using rights securely associated with the content. Cites to XrML rights language from Xerox PARC (see Stefyk), IEEE LTSC Digital Rights Expression Language (DREL), Rights Data Dictionary, ODRL Open Digital Rights Language, etc. Microsoft Digital Assets Server, etc.
• [CNET02a] CNET News "Tablet PC: Scribbling into the future", CNET News, November 8, 2002, available at http://news.com.com
  Magazines to public on Tablet PC, Brief history of pen computing to 1957 patent, citing interview with tablet visionary Alan Kay (Dynabook).
• [CNET02b] CNET News "Microsoft unveils new Windows CE", CNET http://News.com, January 2, 2002, available at www.cnet.com/news/microsoftunveilsnewwindowscecutsprices/
  Microsoft announcement of Windows CE at lower price, available in modular/componentized form for OEMS. Compete with entrenched embedded OS vendors Palm and Linux. Windows CE previously used in Microsoft Pocket PC device.
• [CaldwellDW01a] Caldwell, David W. "Differential touch sensor and control circuit therefor", US Patent 6,310,611, October 30, 2001
  capacitive touch panel (e.g. touch screen pad) with protection against moisture and contamination problems. Uses response to square-wave pulse. Square electrode 1 with electrode 2 around perimeter. Mentions grounding ring near touch pad (capacitive button) in some designs.
• [CannonJM03a] Cannon, Josphen M. and Johanson, James A. "Accelerometer Influenced Communication Device", US Patent 6,549,792, April 15, 2003
  Shake gesture with hand-held smartphone, to wake device.
• [CappsSP01a] Capps, Stephen P. "Tactile character input in computer-based devices", US Patent 6,326,947, December 4, 2001
  "Tactile" character recognition, user moves finger or stylus across raised guides that are similar to 7-segment or 17-segment character displays. Guides are e.g. 5-segment, 7-segment, multiple-segment character portions: compare with Stylator? Note: assigned to Microsoft, not Apple.
• [CarauFP01a] Carau, Frank P. "Method and Appratus for a Virtual Display/Keyboard for a PDA", US Patent 6,266,048, July 24, 2001
  Projected virtual display and keyboard on to desk or other surface from PDA or computer. Virtual touch surface/tablet by triangulation of optical beam sent just above surface, and angle in optical sensor/camera. Alternatively two light beams from two lower corners of PDA. Compare with optical touchscreens?
• [CarrJJ01a] Carr, Joseph J. "The Technician's Radio Receiver Handbook: Wireless and Telecommunication Technology", Newnes Press (Elsevier), 2001
  General reference on radio receiver technology: IF and RF circuits, discriminator circuits, squelch, AGS automatic gain control, superhetrodyne. Section on DSP digital signal processing, ACD noise. Frequency diversity as a form of spread-spectrum signaling to average out fading at different frequencies? Full-wave demodulators using Wheatstone bridge. SSB and suppress-carrier frequency demodulators, phase-locked reinserted carrier for synchronous demodulation.
• [Casio01] Casio "Casio E-Pen: Handschrift für den Computer: Kugelschreiber für die Direkteingabe von Schrift auf dem PC", www.plugged.de/news/computing/a1005556375.shtml, dated 12.11.2001
  Infrared digitizing pen, infrared transmitter in pen, receiver unit plugs into USB port, resolution 0.25 mm at 200 points/second, handles up to A4 size paper. Handwriting recognition from various packages: Lexicus, PenPower, Paragraph. For use with Casio Pocket PC and Cassiopaia Fiva Subnotebook. Compare with Anoto?
• [Casio02a] Casio "Casio VDB-1000 wristwatch, detail page (VDB5000)", Collection from Pocket Computing Museum, http://cdecas.free.fr/computers/pocket/vdb1000.htm, 2002
  Casio Wristwatch with touchscreen input.
• [Casio02b] Casio "Casio VDB-1000 Virtual Databank Watch: Touchscreen DataBank and Organizer: wristwatch, technical details (VDB5000)", Collection from Pocket Computing Museum, http://cdecas.free.fr/computers/pocket/vdb1000/index.html, 2002
  Casio VDB-100 Wristwatch with touchscreen input circa 1991: shows touch screen of menus, no character recognition. File contains additional materials.
• [Casio02c] Casio "Casio ClassPad 300 PLUS User's Guide. ClassPad OS Version 2.20", http://edu.casio.com/products/classpad/, 2002
  User hardware reference on ClassPad stylus/pen-computer mathematical PDA. Extensive plotting, equation editing, including 2D/3D graphs and surfaces. Multiple soft keyboards, not handwriting or gesture recognition. Educational market. "2D keyboard" for entering/editing mathematical expressions: Mathematical expression editor -- templates for fractions, square roots, integrals etc. brings up 2D graphical template, user enters values/variables and sub-expressions.
• [Casio02d] Casio "Casio ClassPad 300 User's Guide", http://world.casio.com/edu_e/, 2002
  User guide to software of ClassPad stylus/pen-computer mathematical PDA. Extensive plotting, equation editing including 2D/3D graphs and surfaces, standard regression, numeric (and symbolic?) equation solutions. Four-point touchscreen alignment, targets are offset. Multiple soft keyboards, not handwriting or gesture recognition. Educational market.
• [Casio03a] Casio "Casio ClassPad 300 Quick Start Guide", http://world.casio.com/edu_e/, February 2, 2003
  User guide to ClassPad stylus/pen-computer mathematical PDA.
• [CaslonAnalytics03a] Caslon Analytics "Caslong Analytics profile: Digital Paper", www.caslon.com/au/digitalpaperprofile.htm, fetched 2003
  Business overview of technologies collectively described as "digital paper" -- electronic paper, electronic ink. SmartPaper/Gyricon paper-like display using microscopic spheres in transparent membrane at Xerox PARC in 1975; Electronic ink paper-like display similar by E-Ink, DataGlyphs and DigiPaper printed pattern similar to Anoto.
• [CertCo02] CertCo Inc. "CertSigner (TM) FAQs", www.certco.com/apki/shtml, 2002
  Description of Agreement-based / Account-based / Acceptance-based PKI model for CertSigner, a web-forms signing and automatic credentialing product incorporating cryptographic authentication and other authentication.
• [ChaiT02a] Chai, Toshiaki "Method of creating registration signature data for computerized signature collation scheme", US Patent 6,393,138, May 21, 2002
  Signature verification based on pressure/force profiles, comparison with average of multiple samples from same user as enrollment data.
• [ChallaN02a] Challa, Nagesh and Gobburu, Venkata T. "Apparatus and method for portable handwriting capture", US Patent 6,396,481, May 28, 2002
  Handwriting touchpad for use with a PDA, battery-powered, capturing handwritten annotation in electronic ink.
• [ChangA02a] Chang, Angela; O'Modrain, Sile; Jacob, Rob; Gunther, Eric; and Ishii, Hiroshi "ComTouch: Design of a Vibrotactile Communication Device", Proc. DIS 2002, London, 2002
  Pressure/touch sensors/actuators on fingertips, transmit to vibrotactile patches on second persons hand at knuckles as communications device. Cites to Braille as static tactile language, finger-spelling for blind/deaf. One implementation is instrumented grip on handheld PDA/cellphone for private/secret/silent communication.
• [ChangKHP01a] Chang, Kenneth H. P. "Encoding and Decoding a Message Within an Image", US Patent 6,265,398, July 1, 2001
  dataglyph encoding of URL and other addresses: glyph pattern involved contrast of pixels: grey on white background, grey on black background: pattern is visible in examples. Compare with Anoto?
• [ChaoCC01a] Chao, Ching-Chuan "Digitizer Tablet Apparatus with Edge Area as a Macro Cell", US Patent 6,184,864, February 6, 2001
  Macro cells (fixed function buttons) at edges of touchscreen where accuracy is less, resolution lower. Compare with The Guide?
• [ChattyS01a] Chatty, Stephane et al "DigiStrips and related projects / DigiStrips: humaniser les interfaces", www.tls.cena.fr/divisions/PII/digistrips/index_e.html, 2001
  Part of GRIGRI project: electronic flight progress strips for air traffic control, using touchscreens, limited gesture recognition.
• [CheckaN01a] Checka, Nisha "A System for Tracking and Characterizing Acoustic Impacts on Large Interactive Surfaces", Master SM Thesis, M.I.T., May 2001
  Acoustic touchscreen/tabletop, determine position of knocks/taps on surface.
• [ChenCR02a] Chen, Chi-Ruey "Touch screen capable of isolating noise signals", US Patent Application 2002/0135568, September 26, 2002
  Resistive touchscreen noise reduced by having second antenna/sensor for picking up ambient/environmental noise (voltage) from LCD/CRT display, subtract from actual signal.
• [ChenCR03a] Chen, Chi-Ruey "Flexible current-type touch control panel comprising a current-type touch control shield", US Patent 6,654,071, November 25, 2003
  Flexible transparent capacitive sheet touchpanel, plastic substrate, can bend 180 degrees. Useful to fit on display.
• [ChenH03a] Chen, Huamin and Mohapatra, Prasant "A Novel Navigation and Transmission Technique for Mobile Handheld Devices", Proc. GroupWare 92, also Tech. Rpt., CSE-2003-1, Univ. California at Davis, 2003
  Alternative to WML and mobile mark-up languages for the days of low bandwidth, small screen PDAs for web browsing: send structural part of web page (layout) to PDA with only first part of the (larger) text sections. User clicks / acts on a piece of text, and PDA sends request for an update to that portion of the HTML. Based on a presumption that the reduced text (by itself) will help by sending less data, and only what the user requests, rather than the whole page. (Also that the reduced text will be intelligible.).
• [ChenTHT03a] Chen, Timothy T. H.; Fels, Sidney; Min, Saehee Sarah "FlowField and beyond: applying pressure-sensitive multi-point touchpad interaction", Proc. 2003 Int. Conf. on Multimedia and Expo, ICME'03, July 2003, pp. 49-52
  UI using pressure-sensitive multitouch touchpad digitizer (MTC Express). Details of interpolation and image processing of Taxels (touch pixels): bilinear, bicubic, Gaussian, nearest-neighbor interpolation to get higher resolution than sensors. Other hardware include Lee multi-touch, Fingerworks TouchStream, optical vision tracking, SmartSkin. Multi-touch interactive art installations.
• [ChenX02a] Chen, Xinlei; Koike, Hideki; Nakanishi, Yasuto; Oka, Kenji; and Sato, Yoichi "Two-Handed Drawing on Augmented Desk System", Proc. ACM AVI 2002, Trento, Italy, pp. 219-222
  Two-handed gestures using video tracking. In some gestures one hand supports the other: Close-hand gesture of left hand brings up structural radial menu (pop-up: compare with marking menu) to be selected by a left hand finger. Two-handed rotate gesture, center of circle or point of rotation with left hand. Cites to Krueger/VideoDesk. Compare with Wellner. multi-touch.
• [ChenX03a] Chen, Xuehua and Turner, Dave "Efficient Message-Passing within SMP Systemps", Proc. 10th European PVMMPI User's Group Meeting, Venice Itally, September/October 2003, pp. 286..293
  MP_Lite: Shared memory most efficient inter-process/inter-processor message passing mechanism. Single shared memory segment for message transfer between processes, only locked when headers added/remove, not when reading/writing body of messages. Shared-memory FIFO queue between each pair of processes. Shared memory FIFO pipe/queue. See also FuerlingerK03a in same proceedings on shared-memory ring buffers.
• [ChenY03a] Chen, Y.; Au, J.; Kazlas, P.; Ritenour, A.; Gates, H.; and McCreary, M. "Flexible active-matrix electronic ink display", Nature, vol 423, May 8, 2003, p. 136
  Flexible white electronic paper display, electrophoretic (electronic ink) display, E-Ink Corporation.
• [CherianL01a] Cherian, Lisa; Lambourne, Robert Andrew; and Roberts, Guy James "User interface for television", US Patent 6,211,921, April 3, 2001, reissued as RE44006E, February 19, 2013
  Rotating menus, some elements off screen so no limit to number of elements or organization as elements added. Cites to pie menus.
• [ChewCH03a] Chew, Chee H.; Bastiaanse, Elizabeth A.; Blum, Jeffrey R.; Keyse, Greg A.; Lui, Charlton E.; Parker, Kathryn L.; Sharpe, Timoth D.; and Zuberec, Sarah E. "Method and Apparatus for providing context menus on a pen-based device", US Patent 6,664,991, December 16, 2003
  pop-up a menu based on a context gesture (any kind of gesture) rather than tapping or clicking on a handle. Cites to Buxton and Agulnick.
• [Chip03a] Chip Magazine "Testsieger: Sony Ericsson P800 / Ein Gerä - das gesamte Office R380s", Chip Magazin, 31.10.2003 / 14.04.2001
  Sony Ericsson P800: smartphone/PDA with camera and touch-screen interface. Ericsson R380s flip phone with keys on outside, touchscreen on inside with Symbion EPOC OS. Physical keys press directly on touchscreen.
• [ChoiSM01a] Choi, Sung M. and Van Ee, Jan "Graphical user interface touch screen with an auto zoom feature", US Patent 6,211,856, April 3, 2001
  Tap on small element in a gui (web page), zooms in a magnified view so user can use it. Compare with Pad++, semantic zooming, Buxton lens, data lens.
• [ChouKY03a] Chou, Kuo-Yu and Ong, Tong-Chern "Bond pads using mesh pattern via structures for protecting devices/circuits under I/O pads", US Patent 6,552,433, April 22, 2003
  Multi-layer metal mesh (micropattern) fabricated in trenches. Able to distort, so robust to stresses during bonding.
• [ChrisC03a] ChrisC(?) "From Whence It All Began", www.whatisnew.com/article1130.html, 2003
  Various quotes from about 2002/2003 about the history/origin of pen computing, by Bill Gates and others. Imply that original Dynabook was a tablet PC pen computer: note that original sources do not back this up much.
• [ChuWWY01a] Chu, William W.Y. "Personal Computer Peripheral Console with Attached Computer Module", US Patent 6,216,185, April 10, 2001
  Hand-held computer plugs into base station with peripherals. Comapre with HP-35/45? Mentions display may have "touch sensitivity" (touch screen) to function as primary input device.
• [ClaxtonD02a] Claxton, Daniel and Kerr, Richard "Detection of flip closure state of a flip phone", US Patent 6,434,404, August 13, 2002
  Resistive switch sensor to detect whether flip phone / smartphone / PDA is open or closed, change mode of operation for closed/keypad/smartphone/speakerphone. Shows hinge opening approximately 270 degrees, cover used as stand for speakerphone (frame) mode, keyboard is disabled / taken out of the loop.
• [CobbleyDA02a] Cobbley, David A. and Deleeuw, William C. "On-Screen Transparent Keyboard Interface", US Patent 6,501,464, December 31, 2002
  virtual keyboard: "A graphical user interface in the form of a transparent keyboard may be positioned over an existing computer display. The user may input textual data through the keyboard by selecting keys in the transparent keyboard display. The text entry may then appear on the computer display in non-transparent or conventional format.".
• [ColganEG02a] Colgan, Evan G.; Kanzaki, Eisuke; Karube, Satoshi; Kurihara, Mikio; and Levine, James L. "Liquid Crystal Display with Integrated Resistive Touch Sensor", US Patent 6,483,498, November 9, 2002
  Resistive touchscreen, one (conductive) layer integrated with display. Mentions cracks/wear in ITO, linearization of resistive sensing by conductive pattern of metals (silver, etc.).
• [Compaq02a] Compaq Computer Corporation "Compaq iPAQ Pocket PC H3800 Series Reference Guide, Second Edition", Compaq Computer Corporation, Document number 253194-002, March 2002
  Windows Mobile Pocket PC. Direct manipulation of clock hands with stylus to set time. IBM ViaVoice voice commands (compare: Alexa, Siri?). Handwriting recognition: Letter Recognize, Block Recognizer, prompting to suggest words from dictionary. Writing on screen: electronic ink note taking. Pocket Internet Explorer with optional modem (dial-up?), Ethernet/LAN card, or 802.11 Wireless Connection (WiFi).
• [CompuPen03a] Hopkins Capital Group / Pen2Net Inc. "CompuPen: Bluetooth Wireless Networked Pen", The Hopkins Capital Group, 2003
  Pen2Net CompuPen: ballpoint pen that captures anything written on paper, without specially patterned paper (see Anoto).
• [ComputerMuseum03] Computer Museum / Mark Greenia "The History of Computing: Encyclopedia of the People and Machines that Made Computer History", http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/0000WELCOME.htm, 2003
  Toshiba Dynapad T100X Tablet computer / pen computer (1992), ran Microsoft Windows for Pen Computing, or PenPoint / GO, retail price $3500.
• [ConferW02a] Confer, William and Chapman, Richard "Handwritten Character Recognition for Cheap Devices", Tech. Rpt. CSSE02-06, Auburn Univ., Alabama, November 18, 2002
  Small, trainable handwriting recognition using chain codes and angles.
• [CongdonB03a] Congdon, Bob "Gesture Recognizer", www.bobcongdon.net/blog/2003_09_01_congdon_archive.html
  Describes early Applicon Ledeen/Teitelman character recognizer of 1973: single-stroke Z as a gesture using the bounds to for a Zoom area -- compare with Recognition Macro gestures of Pencept?
• [CornerMD02a] Corner, Mark D. and Noble, Brian D. "Zero-Interaction Authentication", Proc. MOBICOM '02, September 23..28, 2002, Atlanta, Georgia
  User carries wireless authentication token, so that does not need to lock screen, or to type in password when returning to computer. Files on disk are encrypted, files in cache are not. While user away, file cache encrypted, approximately 5..6 seconds. Token bound to particular (laptop) computer, to be less useless if stolen.
• [CostanzaE03a] Costanza, E.; Shelley, S. B.; and Robinson, J. A. "D-Touch: A Consumer-Grade Tangible Interface Module and Musical Applications", Proc. Conf. on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI03), Bath (UK), 2003
  Tangible objects -- small blocks with recognition marks -- used for a tangible user interface. Musical input by placing blocks on an optical touch surface.
• [CouturierJM02a] Couturier, Jean-Michel "A Scanned Synthesis virtual instrument", Proc. NIME02, 2002 Conf. on New Instruments for Musical Expression, Dublin Ireland, May 2002
  virtual musical instrument (like plucked strings) using Wacom tablet, gestures on pressure-sensitive multi-touch surface (Tactex), and keypad (for chords).
• [CouturierJM03a] Couturier, Jean-Michel, and Arfib, Daniel "Pointing Fingers: Using Multiple Direct Interactions with Visual Objects to Perform Music", Proc. NIME03, 2003 Conf. on New Instruments for Musical Expression, Montreal, 2003, pp 184-187
  virtual musical instrument using Pointing Fingers (multi-touch trackers), but any multi-touch input device on the screen may be used (SmartSkin, etc.).
• [CouvreurJ03a] Couvreur, Julien "Curiosity is bliss: Pen stroke recognition", http://blog.monstuff.com/archies/000012.html, 2003
  Commentary on Rubine as early Unistroke alphabet character recognizer, chain codes, Graffiti implementation in C# programming language.
• [DPReview01a] Digital Photography Review "Sony Memory Stick Camera PEGA-MSC1", Digital Photography Review, October 22, 2001
  Sony add-in camera for CLIE/Palm PDAs, plugs into Sony memory-stick slot. Mentions stereo sound on recorded videos.
• [DSI02a] Digital Cad, inc. "HandGear API Available for Autodesk VIZ 4", http://www.digitalcad.com: June 2002
  Product announcement: HandGear Multi-touch / pressure touchpad, API for Autodesk visualization and simulation graphical application.
• [DandekarK03a] Dandekar, Kiran; Raju, Balasundar I.; and Srinivasan, Mandayam A. "3-D Finite-Element Models of Human and Monkey Fingertips to Investigate the Mechanics of Tactile Sense", Trans. of ASME, Jnl. Biomechanical Engineering, vol 125, October 2003, pp. 682..691
  Model and empirical data for human and monkey fingertip, primarily to model mechanics of tactile sensing (texture detection, neuron mechanoreceptors), include modeling of fingertip deformations under load (compare with fat-finger problem).
• [DanielSR01a] Daniel, Simon Richard "Collapsible Keyboard", US Patent 6,174,097, January 16, 2001
  Foldable/collapsible keyboard for use with a PDA. Cites to inflatable keyboard. Compare with "digitizer mat" tablet/touchpad by Pencept/Numonics? Keys may be touchpad type.
• [DavisRC02a] Davis, R. C. "Sketch Understanding Demonstration: MIT Project Oxygen (video)", MIT CSAIL Project Oxygen, 2002
  demonstration of interactive sketch understanding, with automatic automation of drawing (wheels on sketch of automobile turn, etc.). Compare with DavisRC07, which describes a Wizard of Oz prototype for sketch understanding.
• [DeAmicisR02a] De Amicis, R.; Bruno, F.; Stork, A.; and Luchi, M. L. "The Eraser Pen: A New Interaction Paradigm for Curve Sketching in 3D", Intl. Design Conf. DESIGN 2002, Dubrovnik, May 14-17, 2002
  six degree-of-freedom DOF digitizer for sketching 3D surfaces, using stereoscopic display and 3D digitizer. Permits erasing/deleting of portions of surfaces/lines while sketching (3D erase gesture?) by moving backwards along curve just drawn, integration of editing and creation phases. Earlier references back to 1999. 2D input allows for extruded curves. Accuracy of curve affected by velocity/speed of drawing/sketching motion (slower motion, more control points for the curve to be fitted.).
• [DeBoorA01a] De Boor, Adam and Eggers, Michael D. "Wireless communication device with markup language based man-machine interface", US Patent 6,173,316, January 9, 2001
  simplified/extended HTML mark-up language for small-screen portable devices. Extensions add navigational aids to touchscreen/small-display interface.
• [DeHerreraC02a] de Herrera, Chris "Digitizer and Styli - Differentiating the Tablet PC", www.tabletpctalk.com, November 10, 2002
  Notes that TabletPC can support multiple digitizers at the same time: reference to integrated resistive touchscreen and electromagnetic digitizer tablet from FinePoint, versus Wacom?
• [DeHerreraC03a] de Herrera, Chris "Tablet PC Hardware Comparison 2002-2003", www.tabletpctalk.com, 2003
  Hardware feature comparisons for Microsoft Tablet PC vendors: almost all use Wacom electromagnetic touchscreen/digitizer, some use FinePoint combined resistive touchscreen.
• [DeLaHametteP02a] de la Hamette, P.; Lukowicz, P.; Troester, G.; and Svoboda, T. "FingerMouse: A Wearable Hand Tracking System", Proc. UbiComp 2002, 4th Int'l. Conf. on Ubiquitous Computing, September 2002, pages 15-16
  FingerMouse: optical finger tracker (not actually worn) using two closely-spaced stereo cameras, and presumes that user is holding a pointer finger at approximately the same close distance. Called wearable because it is very low power consumption.
• [DecurtinsC03a] Decurtins, Corsin; Norrie, Moira C.; and Signer, Beat "Digital Annotation of Printed Documents", Proc. CIKM '03, November 3-8, 2003, New Orleans
  Electronic ink/Multimedia annotations on paper documents, user can mark area for annotation: multiple layers of annotation for whole document, particular part, finer details. Implemented with Paper++.
• [DelaneyK01a] Delaney, Kalen ("based on the first edition by Ron Soukup") "Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2000", Microsoft Press, 2001 (hardcopy book)
  General reference on SQL database system and language as implemented by Microsoft.
• [Dell03a] Dell Computer "Dell Axim X5 User's Guide: Mobile Computer", Dell Computer, 2003 (hardcopy book)
  User guide for Dell version of Microsoft Windows Mobile Pocket PC with touchscreen and handwriting recognition (tap gesture to recognize electronic ink: compare with deferred recognition and Slate). Soft keyboard / virtual keyboard. Wifi Ethernet, email connectivity over network. See also 2005 manual.
• [DemartinesP03a] Demartines, Pierre and Seni, Giovanni "Automatically scrolling handwritten input user interface for personal digital assistants and the like", US Patent 6,661,409, December 9, 2003
  Automatic scrolling of handwriting ink in a handwriting area during handwriting recognition: compare with Freestyle?
• [DenBoerW03a] den Boer, Willem; Abileah, Adi; Green, Pat; Larsson, Terrance; Robinson, Scott; and Nguyen, Tin "Active Matrix LCD with Integrated Optical Touch Screen", Society for Information Display SID 03 Digest, paper 56.3, 2003
  TFT LCD display with integrated photosensor optical sensors for touch input: shows XY location of shadow (ambient light) cast by stylus or finger touch. multi-touch.
• [DennerleinJT01a] Dennerlein, Jack Tigh "Haptic Force-Feedback Devices for the Office Computer: Performance and Musculoskeletal Loading Issues", Human Factors, Summer 2001, vol 43 no 2, p. 278-ff
  attractive tactile/haptic force-feedback towards click target improves pointing accuracy with mouse (stylus?). Pantograph mechanical mouse. (Compare with other fat-finger techniques, touchscreen haptics).
• [DentPW02a] Dent, Paul W. "Wireless Subscriber Terminal using Java Control Code", US Patent 6,418,310, July 9, 2002
  Communications device (e.g. smart phone) with Java: keyboard and mouse.
• [DepewJM01a] Depew, John M. and Northway, David C. "Flat panel display with integrated electromagnetic pen digitizer", US Patent 6,215,476, April 10, 2001
  Electromagnetic touchscreen digitizer, ITO conductors silk-screen printed directly on backlight panel for simplified optical stack / manufacturing.
• [DeviM01a] Devi, M. "Basic Windows: Message Queue Events", Available at http://comsci.liu.edu/~murali/win32gui/BasicWindows.htm, fetched 2011
  Shows action of WM_RBUTTONUP as posting WM_QUIT to exit current window (as contrasted to other right-click behaviors).
• [DiazMarinoRA03a] Diaz-Marino, Roberto Arturo; Tse, Edward; and Greenberg, Saul "Programming for Multiple Touches and Multiple Users: A Toolkit for the DiamondTouch Hardware", Proc. UIST '03
  Poster/paper to accompany demonstration of applications using GroupLab DiamondTouch Toolkit SDK/APIs. Example SquiggleDraw, using multi-touch inputs from multiple users in drawing. States that DiamonTouch did multiple touches per user. Tracks/identified individual users on each input.
• [DietzP01a] Dietz, Paul and Leigh, Darren "DiamondTouch: A Multi-User Touch Technology", Proc. UIST '01, November 11-14, 2001 pp. 219-226
  Multi-touch digitizer on a table (compare with Entertaible), using separate capacitive coupling for each human user, so that you can tell which user/stylus corresponds to which input. Mentions Human-Guided Simple Search as a prototype groupware application (whiteboard). Also: electronic video file of 2001 demonstration.
• [DietzP02a] Dietz, Paul H. and Leigh, Darren L. "Multi-user Touch Surface", US Patent 6,498,590, December 24, 2002
  multi-user, multi-touch touchpad/touchscreen, separate (AC) electrostatic/capacitive signals through body of each user, detection is capacitive junctures of X/Y matrix grid. For multiple touches by single user, X/Y array of separate antennas.
• [DietzP03a] Dietz, Paul and Leigh, Darren "DiamondTouch: A Multi-User Touch Technology", Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories Tech. Rpt. TR-2003-125, October 2003. Available at www.merl.com
  Multi-touch digitizer on a table (compare with Entertaible), using separate capacitive coupling for each human user, so that you can tell which user/stylus corresponds to which input. Mentions Human-Guided Simple Search as a prototype groupware application (whiteboard).
• [DietzP03b] Dietz, Paul; Yerazunis, William; and Leigh, Darren "Very Low-Cost Sensing and Communication Using Bidirectional LEDs", Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories Tech. Rpt. TR-2003-35, July 2003. Available at www.merl.com
  Simultaneous use of LED as optical transmitter and as optical receiver/sensor: opto-isolator? LED as photoresistor.
• [DirectMeasurements03a] Direct Measurements Inc. "Direct Measurements -- Circular SSR circular bar code", www.directmeasurements.com/circularsymbol.html fetched 2003
  Circular bar code, no preferred direction, uses arc segment patterns in two concentric "data rings" inside border. Compare with illustrations in Sedaker.
• [DirectMobile02] DirectMobile.com "Refurbished Pen Computers", www.directmobile.com/DHHome/Fujitsu Pen.htm; www.directmobile.com/DHHome/Refurb_Nonfujitsu.htm; 2002. Telephone 1-800-687-6543 x 27 (Chris Cole) See also http://www.cadigital.com/1000.htm
  parent company, Surplus Technology Group, purchased assets of Grid System Inc. After running out of Grid units, went with Fujitsu Personal Systems Inc. product: Ricoh G1200 Windows 95 pen-computer with CD tray. product: IBM 730 T Windows 95 pen-computer. product: Kalidor K2000 Windows 3.1 (!) pen-computer, waterproof. product: Fujitsu Stylistic LT Windows 98 pen-computer. product: Fujitsu Stylistic 500 Windows 3.1/95 pen-computer. product: Fujitsu Stylistic 1000 Windows 3.1/95 pen-computer. product: Fujitsu Stylistic 2300 Windows 95/98/NT pen-computer. product: Fujitsu Point 1600 Windows 95/98/NT pen-computer. product: Fujitsu Stylistic 1200 Windows 95/98/NT pen-computer. product: Fujitsu Point 510 Windows 95/98/NT pen-computer. product: Fujitsu PenCentra CD WindowsCE pen-computer.
• [DitzikRJ02a] Ditzik, Richard J. "Portable electronic units including notebook computers PDAs and battery operated units", US Patent 6,421,235, July 16, 2002
  Convertible clamshell touchscreen laptop/PDA, 360-degree expandable hinge is fully reversible so that device can be in a reversed open state. Pen or stylus includes finger input (touch panel) on the display screen. Hinge expandable to allow papers stored in closed notebook. Refers to stylus as "touch pen". Expandable, not dual-axis? Easel hinge configuration?
• [DjuknicGM01a] Djuknic, Goran M. and Richton, Robert E. "Geolocation and Assisted GPS", IEEE Computer, February 2001, pp. 123..125
  GPS in portable receivers / handsets allows 911 calls to be located, users can get location-specific traffic, local services and shopping. Suggests Assisted GPS / AGPS where cell-tower information used to narrow down what satellites partial GPS in handset should look for.
• [DolceTechnica03a] DolceTechnica.com "Peter on Tech: An early look at Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2004, codename "Lonestar"", DolceTechnical.com, Nov. 17 2003
  Public demonstration of Tablet PC 2004: context-sensitive syntax rules for recognition of URLs and other formatted text in input fields, electronic ink in Web Browser input through web controls, In-place TIP (Tablet PC Input Panel) with writing pad mode, write-anywhere: see also Microsoft file.
• [Dolphin01a] www.yourdolphon.co.uk "SuperNova Screen Reader - Version History", www.yourdolphin.co.uk, fetched 2014
  Dolphone screen reader, has graphics labels / graphic labeling.
• [DonohueTE01a] Donohue, Thoma E.; Glad, Paul H.; and O'Callaghan, James L. "Kiosk Touch Pad", US Patent 6,262,717, July 17, 2001
  Capacitive touchpad: respond to a touch with a minimum area (pressure) instead of a tap: easier for kiosk users.
• [DourishP01a] Dourish, Paul "Getting in Touch: Chapter 2 of Where The Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction", MIT Press, 2001
  Review of touch, direct manipulation interfaces, tangible interfaces: cites to Wellner, metaDESK/phicons,
• [DowlandPS01a] Dowland, P.S.; Singh, H.; and Furnell, S.M. "A Preliminary Investigation of User Authentication Using Continuous Keystroke Analysis", Proc. Working Conf. on Information Security Management and Small System Security, 2001
  biometric user authentication based on keystroke/typing analysis. Best technique not determined.
• [DowlandPS02a] Dowland, P.S.; Furnell, S.M.; and Papadaki, M. "Keystroke Analysis as a Method of Advanced User Authentication and Response", In "Security in the Information Society", IFIP 2002, M.A. Ghonaimy et al ed., Chapter 17 pp. 215..226
  biometric user authentication based on keystroke/typing analysis. Keystroke data and profiles are application-specific, explained by some applications being heavily text-oriented (Messenger, Microsoft Word). Most analysis done with timing digraphs / common two-key sequenced (e.g. T-H). Earliest citation is 1985: no citation to Multics.
• [DraperGM03] Draper, Geoffery M. and Egbert, Parris K. "A Gestural Interface to Free-Form Deformation", Proc. Graphics Interface, Canada 2003, pp 113..120
  Gestures for shaping drawings (stretch, twist, size, etc.).
• [Dynapro01a] Dynapro Systems Inc. "Dynapro Near Field Imaging Touch Screen System integration guide", Dynapro Systems, Inc. 2001, www.dynapro.com
  Electrostatic/capacitive touchscreen digitizer, NFI.
• [EChalk03a] Freie Universität Berlin "The E-Chalk Project: Electronic Chalk for the Classroom", http://kazan.inf.fu-berlin.de/echalk/docs/2003-brochure.pdf
  Freestyle-like electronic whiteboard for university teaching: records/streams audio, whiteboard image, video, and any slides etc. for university lectures.
• [EasttyPC03a] Eastty, Peter Charles; Thorpe, Peter Damien; and Sleight, Christopher "Data processing apparatus utilizing proximity sensing to determine whether user's hand is within a predetermined distance", US Patent 6,583,801, June 24, 2003
  Capacitive touchpad sensor with proximity sensing: when user's hand/finger gets close in distance to an icon or widget object, activate or highlight the object. Compare with context-sensitive cursors and highlighting of objects to show drop locations using proximity in PenPoint?
• [ElbingKE01a] Elbing, Kristofer E. and Foote, Jonathan T. "Tactile Computer Interface", US Patent 6,219,034, April 17, 2001
  Software to map touch regions of the screen to tactile signals in an actuator in a pointing device (mouse, touch tablet, etc.) based on a profile definition.
• [ElectronicKeyboards03a] Electronic Keyboards, Inc. "Keyboards and Input Devices For the Physically Challenged that Require No Finger Pressure", http://electronickeyboards.com, archived 2003
  Accessible keyboards for the blind, using touchscreen/digitizer surface with embossed/raised finger guides. Activate-on-lift for character selection ("Braille keyboard"): vocal output of key/character? Toggle to activate (second) touchpad area (compare Wang "Guide" virtual devices: virtual tablet on a tablet).
• [ElledgeDD01a] Elledge, Dennis D. "Securing Restricted Operations of a Computer Program using a Visual Key Feature", US Patent 6,192,478, February 20, 2001
  On-screen simulated switch/key to enable an operation: slide-to-unlock?
• [ElledgeDD03a] Elledge, Dennis D. "Method and System for Identifying Lost or Stolen Devices", US Patent 6,609,656, August 26, 2003
  Find lost device by pinging (RFID) transmitter from device, pick up signal with local receiver. Compare with LoJack?
• [EllenzJD03a] Ellenz, John David "Capacitance-based sensing device for detecting presence of body part", US Patent Application 2003/0132763 A1, July 17, 2003
  Mutual-capacitive sensor for presence (touch) or proximity of human body part (e.g. clothing, exercise apparatus, etc.), by comparing capacitance with reference (baseline) value. Charge-transfer using bucket capacitor, measure time/count for reference voltage to be reached. High-pass filter to remove slow, long-term changes in actually capacitance from deformation or moisture. Compare with Neodron?
• [ElliotA02a] Elliot, Ame and Hearst, Marti "A Comparison of the Affordances of a Digital Desk and Tablet for Architectural Image Tasks", Int'l. Jnl. of Human Computer Studies, vol 56 no 2, 2002
  affordances / human-factors comparison of digital desk (large tabletop), tablet computer (propped up at reading angle), and monitor with mouse. Image sorting best on display, since tablet too small, desktop too large. Steady pressure to drag not as convenient as pick-and-place. For fine drawing, accurate "pen alignment" critical (parallax). Suggests direct (finger) touch would work better than pen/stylus. Cites to fisheye views, metaDESK tangible user interfaces.
• [EmD03a] Em, Davic "Beyond the Tablet PC", http://byte.com, June 16, 2003
  Fujitsu Lifebook P1000: Windows XP Home edition rather than Tablet PC edition: integrated touchscreen, not proximity tablet. Apparently touchscreen used as best alternative to mouse (versus touchpad) to get very small form factor.
• [EmacInc03a] Emac Inc. "Windows CE Technical Overview", www.emacinc.com/operating_systems/windows_cd.htm, 2003
  Overview of Microsoft Windows CE operating system: subset of Win32 API, cross-compilers for different processors (e.g. PowerPC, Intel 486, ARM, MIPS, etc.). OEM Adaptation Layer (OAL) takes place of BIOS between kernel and hardware. Description of interrupt processing and device driver model. preemptive multi-tasking, execute in place from ROM. Non-windows and minimalist windows support. JVM Java virtual machine. Windows CE operating system circa 2003: 32-bit, preemptive multi-tasking, multi-threading. Subset of Windows API. Windows Desktop GUI, web browser. IDE is Platform Builder 3.0 (formerly Embedded Toolkit for Visual C++ / ETK). Touchscreen driver to replace mouse. Portable to different processor: e.g. Intel, PowerPC, MIPS, etc. with Windows CE kernel. ROMable / execute-in-place, ROM file system, demand paging. Soft Input Panel SIP (virtual keyboard).
• [EricsonP01a] Ericson, Petter and Edsoe, Tomas "Identification of a virtual raster pattern", PCT Patent Application WO 01/75783 A1, October 11, 2001
  Describes Anoto technology for an optical "smart paper" digitizer, using modified virtual raster pattern marks: position determination using fourier analysis.
• [EricsonP03a] Ericson, Petter and Hugosson, Ola "Position Determination", US Patent 6,470,104, May 27, 2003
  Mathematical position-encoding pattern using different sized (large/small) dots on paper etc. for optical stylus digitizer.
• [FaaborgAJ02] Faaborg, Alexander J. "Using Neural Networks to Create and Adaptive Character Recognition System", Research Report, Cornell Univ., ithaca NY, May 14, 2002
  Report on back-propagation neural network: performance recognition accuracy went down when more than 12 characters were in the handwriting test set. Handwriting styles had drastic effects on recognition accuracy. Somewhat unencouraging about neural networks: training of a neural network can be laborious.
• [FabersjoH03a] Fabersjö, Helena; Windt, Elisabeth; Wridell, Ylva; and Sanneblad, Johan "Amigo - Wireless Image Based Instant Messaging for Handheld Computers", Proc. CHI 2003, April 5..10, 2003, F. Lauderdale, Florida, pp. 910..911
  Instant messaging / interactive games using "uninterpreted handwriting" (electronic ink) on hand-held PDAs. Compare with Slate DayTimer, Bricklin. Sketches instead of smilies/emoticons. Shared canvas (whiteboard): users played interactive tic-tac-toe, shared sketches for fun.
• [FarcyR01a] Farcy, Rene and Damaschini, Roland "Guidance-Assist System for the Blind", Proc. SPIE Intl. Society for Optical Engineering, Vol, 4158, p. 209-214, Jan. 2001 Page 1 of 1
  Mobility aids for the blind: Teletact hand-held laser telemeter, Vigitact infra-red proximity/bump-avoidance sensor. vibratory/haptic vibration output better than audio for beginners, not affected by ambient noise environment. Experienced users prefer audio, finer results.
• [FarrisJS02a] Farris, J. Shawn; Jones, Keith S.; and Anders, Brent A. "Using Impenetrable Borders in a Graphical Web Browser: Are All Angles Equal?", Proc. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Ann. Meeting, September 1, 2002
  Edge targets and corner targets (on touchscreen/mouse) easier to use than targets towards middle of display, especially when sides of graphic web browser are impenetrable borders. Compare with fat-thumb/fat-finger? Compare with edge-writing?
• [FarrisJS02b] Farris, J. Shawn; Jones, Keith S.; and Anders, Brent A. "Using Impenetrable Borders in a Graphical Web Browser: How Does Distance Influence Target Selection Speed?", Proc. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Ann. Meeting, September 1, 2002, vol 46 no 14, pp. 130..1304
  Edge targets (near edge of screen, with touchscreen/mouse) easier to hit than targets towards middle of display: useful distance from cursor to target (with mouse? touchscreen?) is up optimal to about 11.75 cm. Compare with fat-thumb/fat-finger? Compare with edge-writing?
• [FeinsteinDY02a] Feinstein, David Y. "View navigation and magnification of a hand-held device with a display", US Patent 6,466,198, October 15, 2002
  RotoView (product) tilt user interface for hand-held devices with orientation sensors (gyrocompass, accelerometers). Tilting does a scroll function for small displays. Non-linear tilt profile for fast and slow scroll. Cites to Rekimoto 1996 on Tilting Interface, Rock 'n Scroll by Bartlett.
• [FelleisenM01a] Felleisen, Matthias; Findler, Robert Bruce; Flatt, Matthew; and Krishnamurti, Shriram "How to Design Programs: An Introduction to Programming and Computing", MIT Press, 2002
  Tutorial on software design and design patterns, using the Scheme object-oriented programming language. Intended as software design course for liberal-arts majors. Defines method == procedure.
• [FengH02a] Feng, Hao and Wah, Chan Choong "Private key generation from on-line handwritten signatures", Information Management and Computer Security, vol 10 no 4, 2002, pp. 159..164
  Generate private "signing" key from on-line (or off-line) signatures. Based on 10 "good" signature samples, generates public/private key pair, only retains public key. Stresses importance of using only "good" signature examples, on average user needs 1.4 signature attempts to get a signature producing a private key that matches the same public key used for authentication. Notes that handwritten signatures by nature less unique than fingerprints, iris patterns, other biometrics.
• [FengW03a] Feng, Wu-chu "An Integrated Multimedia Environment for Speech Recognition Using Handwriting and Written Gestures", Proc. 36th Hawaii Int'l Conf. on System Sciences HICSS '03, 2003
  User input GUI combining speech recording/annotation and speech recognition, tablet/pen gesture commands, and handwriting (hand-printing) recognition. Gestures allow for different directions (arrows). Delete gesture (of current selection) is a line with a loop: allow for non-linear scaling (loop not in middle), rotation, stroke direction reversals. Selection gestures, separate editing gestures act on selected text. Right caret gesture for audio playback, lower-case "u" gesture for undo. Line through text as delete gesture: combines gesture command and locator/selection. Cites to Newton and Palm PDA, but not to Penpoint.
• [FernandoL01a] Fernando, Lllavanya; Rafil, Abbas; Williams, Nicholas; Bunn, Eric A.; and Valliani, Aziz "Modular signature and data-capture system and point of transaction payment and reward system", US Patent 6,193,152, February 27, 2001
  Early electronic signature pad with integrated display to show prompt and electronic ink. Intended for point-of-sale transactions e.g. signing for credit card payments.
• [FerrariA02a] Ferrari, Alberto and Tartagni, Marco "Touchpad providing screen cursor-pointer movement control", US Patent 6,392,636, May 21, 2002
  Capacitive-matrix touchscreen/touchpad/fingerprint sensor, determines center in both X and Y position for position, "mass signal" for on/off (contact area). Rolling fingertip for more precise position control. Images. No discussion of multiple touches, nor palm rejection.
• [FinePointInnovations03a] FinePoint Innovations "FinePoint Innovations: MagicPoint pen input digitizers", FinePoint Innovations, www.finepointinnovations.com, 2003
  FinePoint electromagnetic digitizer, former engineering team from Kurta/Mutoh America OEM Pen-Based Products group. MagicPoint TV-14 Video Tablet: integrated transparent touchscreen, LCD video display, drivers.
• [FingerSystem01a] FingerSystem Inc. "Welcome to FingerSystem: i-pen mouse", FingerSystem Inc., www.fingersystem.com archived 2001
  Optical mouse in (thick) pen housing: includes handwriting recognition software, shape recognition software riteShape for sketching. Compare with Anoto. Web Memo Plug-in for Internet Explorer for electronic ink annotation on web pages. ritePen handwriting recognition.
• [FingerSystem03a] FingerSystem Inc. "FingerSystem i-pen mouse User's Guide", FingerSystem Inc. 2003
  Optical mouse in (thick) pen housing: includes handwriting recognition software, shape recognition software riteShape for sketching. Compare with Anoto. Web Memo Plug-in for Internet Explorer for electronic ink annotation on web pages. ritePen handwriting recognition.
• [FingerWorks02a] Fingerworks Inc. "FingerWorks: Quick Reference Guide for TouchStream ST/LP", www.fingerworks.com, 2002
  Multi-touch Touchpad digitizer tablet with built-in gesture recognition. Multiple-touch gestures using combinations of finger tips. Four-finger scroll, three-finger drag/select, two-finger text cursor, rotate gestures for file open, three finger pinch/zoom for save/new document: Emacs gestures. Game gestures for first-person shooter games. two-finger pinch/zoom to simulate scroll wheel on mouse.
• [Fingerworks03a] Fingerworks Inc. "iGesture Game Mode Guide", www.fingerworks.com, 2003
  Multi-touch Touchpad digitizer tablet with built-in gesture recognition. Gestures for electronic games multiple gestures. multi-finger game gestures include trigger, activate, point and fire gestures. Additional materials in paper file. Shows multi-touch/multi-finger gestures/hotkey mappings for Windows: Editing/Search (cut, copy, search, redo, etc.), File and Window manipulation (up directory, save, open file, maximize/minimize window, etc.), Scroll and Zoom.
• [Fingerworks03b] ExtremeTech.com "Typing With Gestures on the TouchStream ST", www.extremetech.com, 2003
  Review of Fingerworks multi-touch "TouchStream ST" keyboard.
• [Fingerworks03c] Fingerworks Inc. "Multitouch Overview: Frequently Asked Questions", www.fingerworks.com, fetched February 15, 2003
  Multitouch surface from Fingerworks: multiple-finger gestures, zero-force. Proprietary technology.
• [Fingerworks03d] Fingerworks Inc. "Fingerworks Support Forrums: Public Info. on Multi-Touch Technology", http://forums.fingerworks.com, August 15, 2003
  Explanation of Fingerworks multi-touch technology: 2D grid permits "paw-print" images of all touching on surface, non-scalable 1-D projection sensor arrangement of touchpad. Refers to Wayne Westerman PhD thesis 1999, or two Fingerworks patents.
• [FingoldJ03a] Fingold, Jonathan "Persisting Ink with Attached Recognition Data", Microsoft Corp., MSDN documentation, April 2003
  compare with deferred recognition by Slate.
• [FinkGA01a] Fink, Gernot A.; Wienecke, Markus; and Sagerer, Gerhard "Video-Based On-line Handwriting Recognition", Proc. Intl. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition, pages 226-230. IEEE, 2001
  On-line/real-time handwriting recognition (actually, electronic ink) from video images. Examples show a great deal of interpolation using model of handwriting dynamics, position determination misses many points.
• [FischerA03a] Fischer, A. and Vance, J.M. "PHANToM Haptic Device Implemented in a Projection Screen Virtual Environment", Proc. Seventh Intl. Immersive Projection Technologies Workshop 2003, Ninth Eurographics Workshop on Virtual Environments 2003, pp. 225..230
  PHANToM pantographic 3D haptic pointer used in virtual reality environment to explore interferences in virtual assembly of mechanical parts. PHANToM devices must not be to far (line of sight, position, size) out of accordance with user's visual perception of environment.
• [FischettiM01a] Fischetti, Mark "Working Knowledge - Touchscreens", Scientific American, April 2001, pp. 102-103
  Mentions Elographics resistive-film design 1977, Infrared touchscreen used underwater: cites advantages of touchscreen technologies for electronic voting, but does not mention other security considerations.
• [FishDE02a] Fish, Daniel E. "Force feedback computer input and output device with coordinated haptic elements", US Patent 6,377,678, 2002
  Combined touch tablet sensor and haptic pixels "haptels". Can show textures, and since combined with touch sensor, only needs to actuate haptel actuators where there is a touch. Compare display portion with Opticon? Cites to Kaplow, 4,202,041. Also cites to active multi-touch input surface (AMTIS) by Fish. See also RE42,064. (see also 6,819,312, November 16, 2004).
• [FishkinKP01a] Fishkin, Kenneth P.; Harrison, Beverly L.; Mochon, Carlos; and Want, Roy "Handedness Detection for a Physical Manipulatory Grammar", US Patent 6,243,074, June 5, 2001
  In tangible/deformable object, determine handedness of user based on pressure/force contact pattern, or using two contact/pressure/force sensors at positions to detect which hand is grasping (or both hands, left and right hand sensors).
• [FitzmauriceG03a] Fitzmaurice, George; Khan, Azam; Pieke, Robert; Buxton, Bill; and Kurtenbach, Gordon "Tracking Menus", Proc. UIST '03, Vancouver BC, Canada, 2003, pp. 71-79
  Point-and-press with stylus/pen tip: Pop-up tracking menus that follow cursor/stylus, compare with earlier work on marking menus: avoids tool palette round trips to a menu button at a particular location. Bull's-eye menus. Dwell behavior optional (gesture). Dwell/press-and-hold: may have second threshold in "tracking boundaries", or in "drags in the outside region" to engage a function. Movement of pen without contacting edge.
• [FlahertyG03a] Flaherty, Gopi "Gesture Toolkits", Carnegie-Mellon Univ., UI Course 830, Technical Presentation April 15, 2003
  Overview of gesture-based interfaces: Describes retro-fitted gesture interfaces on exiting applications a "Boring Gesture Systems", gesture-based user interfaces will require new forms of interaction: PenInputPanel of Microsoft TabletPC. Ambiguity of recognition, and of segmentation of handwriting/sketch strokes.
• [FleckDC02a] Fleck, David C. "Digitizer system with on screen cue indicative of stylus position", US Patent 6,473,073, October 29, 2002
  Change cursor to indicate where a stylus is in "hover" over a fixed menu on a hardware tablet surface (versus displayed menu).
• [FonsecaMJ02a] Fonseca, Manual J.; Pimentel, Céar; and Jorge, Joaquim A. "CALI: An Online Scribble Recognizer for Calligraphic Interfaces", AAAI Spring Symposium on Sketch Understanding, November 11, 2002, pp. 51..58
  "Scribble" recognizer: combined sketch/gesture recognition for calligraphic (pen/tablet) interfaces. Features of closed objects are smallest enclosing rectangle, largest internal polygon/triangle. Recognition based on fuzzy sets: overlap where characters are ambiguous, returns list of candidates. Non-adaptive, rule-based. File includes slides from presentation. Note: Pattern Recognition (handwriting recognition) as a problem in artificial intelligence/AI.
• [ForbusKD03a] Forbus, Kenneth D.; Uhser, Jeffrey; Chapman, Vernell "Sketching for Military Courses of Action Diagrams", Proc. IUI '03, January 12..15, 2003, Miami, Florida, pp. 61..68
  Domain-specific sketching system: Gesture-based sketching/drawing/editing system for military combat planning using projected maps and information. Most gestures delimited by user pressing mode button (Gesture/Finish), rather than pen-up or timeout. Glyphs (recognized symbols) include road paths, terrain boundaries, as well as symbolic glyphs.
• [Fossil02a] Fossil Inc. "Fossil Wrist PDA information", Daily Pen News, 2002
  Wristwatch/smartwatch with touchscreen, Palm OS. References also cite Microsoft MSN Wrist Net smartwatch.
• [FoxlinE02a] foxlin, Eric and Altshuler, Yury "Motion-Tracking", US Patent 6,474,159, November 5, 2002
  Use of two inertial measurement units / motion sensors / IMU's within moving frame of reference, subtract offset from IMU on base from IMU head-mounted display (e.g.) to track motion relative to moving base.
• [FradenJ03a] Fraden, Jacob "Handbook of Modern Sensors: Physics, Designs, and Applications, 3rd Ed.", AIR Press, 2003
  Reference handbook on sensors: capacitive and other tactile sensors used for touch screens and robotic tactile skin sensors. Piezoelectric contact sensors and lateral (sliding) force. Resistivestomer sensor for force/pressure. Section on MEMS micro-etched mechanical sensors.
• [FrancoS02a] Franco, Sergio "Design With Operational Amplifiers And Analog Integrated Circuits, 3rd Edition", McGraw-Hill, 2002
  Textbook on operational amplifiers / op-amps, A-D/D-a converters (ADC/DAC), active filters including switched-capacitor filters, CMRR common-mode rejection ratio on differential amplifiers.
• [Fraunhofer01a] Fraunhofer-Institut für Rechnerarchitektur und Softwaretechnik "Fraunhofer-Institut Jahresbericht 2001: Touchglobe und Touchpad", Fraunhofer-Institut, Berlin, 2001
  Touchglobe and Touchpad: multi-touch input devices using sensor skin of piezo-electric polymers that can be formed on any curved/flat surface: voltage potential from pressure detected by grid-structured foil.
• [FreedomScientific03a] Freedom Scientific (formerly Hunter-Joyce) "JAWS for Windows 5.0 installation file", www.freedomscientific.com, 2003
  (PDF Portfolio) installation file .exe for JAWS Screen Reader for windows version 5.0, with extracted Help files and manuals (also as PDFs). Compare with outSpoken, VoiceOver for Mac/IPhone, WindowEyes. Accessibility for visually impaired: keyboard navigation only, multiple voices, unrecognized window classes can be assigned to be handled as different (known) class. Note: Customizing JAWS for Windows: Creating a Graphic Label Manually.
• [FreedomScientific03b] Freedom Scientific (formerly Hunter-Joyce) "JAWS for Windows 5.0 screen reader Features and Enhancements: label graphics", www.freedomscientific.com, 2003
  JAWS screen reader: automatic language detection in HTML; Virtual cursor / place marker; personalized settings per web site; Navigate directly to UI elements by type (next button, etc.); labeling of graphics (example: check/unchecked graphics can be labeled to be spoken).
• [FrickerJP01a] Fricker, Jean-Philippe; Alou, Maurice; and Kasser, Bernard "Resistive and capacitive touchpad", US Patent Application 2001/0013855 A1, August 16, 2001
  Touchpad/tablet combining 5-wire resistive sheet tablet and two-layer capacitive tablet sensor in one package. Resistive used for stylus/pen, capacitive for finger. Refers to capacitive detecting "multiple pointing elements" (multi-touch / multiple styli/pens?).
• [FriedI02] Fried, Ian "Microsoft turns a new page on Mira tablet", ZDNet News, March 13, 2002
  Mira tablet: display with touchscreen/digitizer, wireless link to PC -- not a Tablet PC, separate hardware. Demonstrated by Bill Gates at Consumer Electronics Show.
• [FriedlandG01] Friedland, Gerald; Knipping, Lars; Rojas, Raul "E-Chalk Technical Description", Technical Report, Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Informatik, August 28, 2001. Available at www.match.tu-berlin.de
  Research group investigating various whiteboard systems for university instruction and remote education, using commercial products. Points out useful things of traditional chalkboard/whiteboard: high contrast, large size, easy to use. Handwriting recognition to enter mathematical equations for plotting easier than keyboard during a lecture. Termination of handwriting is a down-left gesture / new-line symbol. Clients software is java-enabled browser (downloaded Java client.) Mimio (from Virtual Ink) ultrasonic digitizer pen not usable due to delays (from filtering to remove digitizer jitter/noise). Wacom tablet with LCD projector: disadvantage is visual parallax with rear-mounted digitizer. Numonics and Hitachi digitizer whiteboards best. Cites Xerox Park Ubiquitous Computing whiteboard; Zombieboard (camera reading whiteboard, electronically subtract image of human). MIT Transboard: electronic ink for collaboration without handwriting recognition. Electronic whiteboard with voice (similar to WANG Freestyle, but real-time?) by Thomas Ottman of U. Freiburg "Extended Whiteboard". eBeam whiteboard similar to Mimeo, but records voice.
• [FroebaB02] Fröba, B. and Küblbeck, C. "Rapid hand gesture detection for human computer interface", CGIM: Proc. IASTED Intl. Conf. on Computer Graphics and Imaging, Anaheim, California 2002 (abstract only)
  Fraunhofer Institute: video recognition of where hand gestures are pointing (by moving a mouse cursor) and simulating mouse clicks. Thus would be compatible with standard computer.
• [FuerlingerK03a] Fürlinger, Karl and Gerndt, Michael "Distributed Configurable Application Monitoring on SMP Clusters", Proc. 10th European PVMMPI User's Group Meeting, Venice Itally, September/October 2003, pp. 429..437
  Shared-memory ring buffers (pipes/FIFO) for inter-process communication in computing clusters. See also ChenX03a in same proceedings.
• [Fujitsu01a] Fujitsu PC Corporation "Fujitsu Stylistic 3500 Technical Reference Manual", www.fujitsupc.com, 2001
  Fujitsu Stylistic 3500 tablet computer / pen computer. Resistive-film touchscreen (no proximity/hover), optical liquid between two layers of digitizer (sic). Documentation refers to side-button on stylus, instead a right-mouse-button hotpad icon just off screen (compare with The Guide). One user-definable off-screen hotpad, generates Windows messages in OS via DLL. Windows98 with Windows Pen Services 2.0 (formerly known as PenWindows) with CIC HRS 5.0.5 HandWriter recognition. Also includes CIC PenX 2.02. Both with on-screen virtual keyboards, handwriting pad. CIC PenX has circle-letter gestures like Pen Windows 1.0, copy gesture generates control-X windows keyboard short-cut, etc. Had MobilePoint port of PenPoint (see GO Microsoft).
• [Fujitsu01b] Fujitsu PC Corporation "Fujitsu Stylistic 3500 Pen Tablet User's Guide", www.fujitsupc.com, 2001
  Fujitsu Stylistic 3500 pen tablet computer. Off-screen hotpads, similar to off-screen hotpads for The Guide. Resistive-film digitizer, warranty on scratches on display invalidated if used without a "screen protector". Had MobilePoint port of PenPoint. See GO Microsoft.
• [Fujitsu02a] Fujitsu PC Corporation "Fujitsu and the Tablet PC", www.fujitsupc.com, 2002
  Position paper by Fujitsu on Microsoft's Tablet PC initiative: handwriting recognition accuracy barely improved since 1989 and first pen tablets (sic). Compares Tablet PC hardware compatibility requirements with pre-existing Fujitsu pen tablets: "hover"/electromagnetic digitizer versus resistive "passive" digitizer tablet. Notes Microsoft's emphasis on electronic ink / digital ink instead of handwriting recognition. Overall cautious about Tablet PC initiative. Rotation between landscape and portrait modes without rebooting.
• [Fujitsu02b] Fujitsu PC Corporation "Pen Computer Technology: Educates the reader about the technologies involved in a pen computer", www.fujitsupc.com, 2002
  Marketing whitepaper by Fujitsu on Tablet PCs (mostly): categories of Webpad, CE Tablet (Windows CE), Pen Tablet (standard Windows OS), Pen-enabled, and Tablet PC. Webpad defined as web browser only. Digitizer synonymous with touchscreen. Describes spacer-dot resistive digitizer (Compare: Elographics) with ITO: Palm rejection by closely spacing dots vs. point of stylus, optical transmissivity 75 to 83 percent, internal reflection, optically transparent oil between layers. Windows Pen Services 2.0 is "remnant" of Windows for Pen Computing. Tablet PC rotation and between landscape and portrait modes without rebooting.
• [FukuchiK02a] Fukuchi, Kentaro and Rekimoto, Jun "Interaction Techniques for SmartSkin", Proc. UIST '02, Demonstration Companion, pp. 49-50
  User interface gestures for SmartSkin multi-touch capacitive tablet: has hardware illustration of SmartSkin mesh sensor. Two-finger to rotate an object, two finger pinch/zoom, two hand for rotating/moving two graphical objects at the same time. Also shows sweeping multiple objects ("marble market") with two forearms/hands. Compare with Kruger Videoplace?
• [FukuchiK03a] Fukuchi, Kentaro and Rekimoto, Jun "Massively Parallel Manipulation Techniques with SmartSkin", Proc. FIT 2003, September 2003 (in Japanese)
  Multi-touch (actually, full-contact) user interface technique using Rekimoto SmartSkin capacitive table: user can sweep objects together with whole hand or whole arm, simulated repulsive force gradient to bulldoze objects.
• [FukumotoM01a] Fukumoto, Masaaki and Sugimura, Toshiaki "Active Click: Tactile Feedback for Touch Panels", Proc. AHI 2001, 31 March, 2001, pp. 121-122
  Haptic transducer for adding click/vibration haptic feel to a touchscreen or touch panel digitizer including PDA. Refers to UnMouse by MicroTouch as using whole touch panel as a large push switch that can be added to any touch panel/touchscreen. Physical click sensation (versus vibration) particularly helpful in noisy environments to confirm action to user, where a simulated audible click cannot be heard. Mounting transducer on rear of hand-held PDA reduces power used, because tactile feedback conveyed to contact position of grasping hand. Advantageous to change audio or graphical feedback (e.g. for click) to haptic/tactile feedback output.
• [FukushimaK03a] Fukushima, Kunihiko "Neocognitron for handwritten digit recognition", Elsevier Neurocomputing, vol 51, 2003, pp. 161..180
  Multilayer neural network model neocognitron for OCR / visual pattern recognition, tested on large test database of handwritten digits (ETL-1). Success rate for correct recognition on training set was 100% (sic), 98.6% on small test set.
• [FundingUniverse02a] Funding Universe "Cypress Semiconductor Corporation History", http://fundinuniverse.com, 2002 (fetched 2021)
  Business history of Cypress Semiconductor. Particular success with USB controllers and programmable system on a chip (PSoC/SOC), prior to Apple iPod use as touch controller.
• [GSMArena03a] GSMArena.com "Technical specifications, cellphones circa 2003", http://GSMArena.com, fetched 2016
  Technical specifications on GSM cell phones / smartphones circa 2001..2004. Models include Ericsson R390 partial flip-phone EPOC operating system; HTC 9500 Windows Mobile / Pocket PC Phone Edition resistive touchscreen pivotable/rotatable display; i-mate JASJAR with rotatable/convertible touchscreen and full keyboard, Mitsubishi Trium Mondo; Motorola A6188 resistive touchscreen; NEC N600 flip phone resistive touchscreen; Qtek 1010; Sagem WA 3050; Samsung SPH-I300; Siemens SX45 Windows CE; Tel.Me. T918 feature phone (candy-bar) small touchscreen. iMaste JASIR Windows Mobile 5.0 Pocket PC with 180-degree pivotable display (compare Convertible PC).
• [GTCO02a] GTCO CalComp Peripherals "GTCO Roll-Up II Flexible Large Format Digitizer Series", GTCO CalComp Peripherals, 2002
  Electrostatic/capacitive tablet, flexible roll-up: compare with Numonics digitizer mat?
• [Gaca02] Gaca, Christian "Virtuelle Maus und Tastatur", Article published at www.philipkdick.de, October 2002
  Citation to Fingerworks multi-touch input as similar to in-air gestures shown in movie "Minority Report", based on Philip K. Dick novel.
• [GannageME03a] Gannage, Michel E.; Challa, Nagesh; and Gobburu, Venkata T. "Method and apparatus for digitally capturing handwritten notes", US Patent 6,504,956, January 7, 2003
  Writing pad / touchpad on keyboard for capturing handwritten notes to be added as electronic ink annotations to documents. Cites to Future Pen, CrossPad digital notepad, Post-It notes.
• [GatesB01a] Gates, Bill "Bill Gates, Keynote Speech, COMDEX 2001, Las Vegas", KNNArchive, available on http://youtube.com 2014 www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXTZxX-XECQ (excerpts)
  Bill Gates Keynote speech COMDEX 2001. Show Tablet PC products from multiple vendors: notebook convertible TabletPC, switches from landscape to portrait. Portfolio (slate). Small form factor (compare with UMPC and OQO?).
• [Gateway02a] Gateway Computers "Microsoft Windows/XP Tablet PC Edition convertible laptop circa 2002", Gateway Tablet PC Convertible Computer, 2002 (physical device)
  Tablet PC convertible: obtained as working device, has stylus. Not booting as of 2016.
• [GeaghanBO03a] Geaghan, Bernard O. Moshrefzadeh, Robert S. Cordeiro, Craig A. Hagermoser, Edward S.; Hart, James J.; Hatin, Paul M.; Hauck, Karl P.; Peterson, Richard A. Jr.; Schulz, Stephen C.; and Taylor, Gordon F. "Touch Panel System and Method for Distinguishing Multiple Touch Inputs", US Patent Application 2003/0063073, April 3, 2003
  On a single-touch touchpanel (e.g. resistive, acoustic, etc.) determine two touches (double multi-touch) by inferring the position and timing of the overlapping second touch by the rate of change of the input.
• [GeenJ03a] Geen, John and Krakauer, David "New iMEMS Angular-Rate-Sensing Gyroscope", Analog Dialogue number 37-03, www.analog.com, 2003
  ADXRS150/ADXRS300 Angular-rate-sensing gyroscope sensors for portable devices (e.g. smartphones), uses Coriolis acceleration effect. iMEMS(c) integrated micro electro-mechanical system technology used in accelerometers.
• [GeorgeSE03a] George, Susan E. "Online Pen-Base Recognition of Music Notation with Artificial Neural Networks", Computer Music Journal, Summer 2003, vol 27 no 2, pp. 70..79
  Small experiment using artificial neural networks. Recognition of handwritten music notation symbols, as contrasted to gesture input for music input and editing Experimental system treats symbols as already segmented/parsed: dismisses problem by suggesting using pen up/down (unistroke?) Appears to conflate digitizing tablet coordinates with screen resolution.
• [GerpheideGE01a] Gerpheide, George E.; Johnson, Rick L.; and McDonald, marty "Method and Apparatus for Data Input", US Patent 6,222,528, April 24, 2001
  Mutual capacitance touchscreen, two-stage fine/coarse position determination. Common sense electrode (?) between X and Y grid layers.
• [GerpheideGE02a] Gerpheide, George E. "Apparatus and Method for Tactile Feedback from Input Device", US Patent 6,473,069, October 29, 2002
  Haptic feedback output to touch-sensitive tablet surface indicating where user is touching on the surface, so that user need not look at the display. Drag-extend gesture using different portions of the display.
• [GerpheideGE03a] Gerpheide, George and Taylor, Biran "Touchpad having Find and Coarse Input Resolution", US Patent Application 2003/0210286, November 13, 2003
  Circular (arctuate) gestures, large diameter for coarse input value, small diameter for finer adjustment. Direction of circular motion (clockwise / counter-clockwise) determines whether valuator is increased or decreased. Figure-S motion also accepted for up/down.
• [GettysJ01a] Gettys, Jim and Packard, Keith "The X Resize and Rotate Extension - RandR", 2001 USENIX Annual Technical Conf. Boston, Massachusetts, USA June 25-30, 2001
  X-Windows window manager extension for rotating orientation of display (landscape/portrait) in particular for small portable PDA handheld computers. Refers also to accelerometer gestures ("throw") from one computer to another. Cites to Itsy.
• [GibiliscoS01a] Gibilisco, Stan "The Illustrated Dictionary of Electronics, 8th Edition", McrGraw-Hill, 2001
  Dictionary of electronics: Adio, Video, Consumer electronics, consumer wireless technology.
• [GillespieDW02a] Gillespie, David W.; Allen, Timothy P.; Wolf, Ralph C.; and Day, Shawn P. "Object Position Detector with Edge Motion Feature and Gesture Recognition", US Patent 6,380,931, April 30, 2002
  Mutual capacitive grid touchscreen using interpolation for fine position determination, recognition of double-tap gestures, others, based on pressure (contact area of finger) and time. Cites to several earlier capacitive grid touchscreens. Cites further to Alps/Cirque GlidePoint for gestures built into touchpad. See also 6,610,936.
• [GillespieDW02b] Gillespie, David W.; Allen, Timothy P.; Wolf, Ralph C.; and Day, Shawn P. "Object Position Detector with Edge Motion Feature and Gesture Recognition", US Patent 6,414,671, July 2, 2002
  See 6,380,931: Capacitive grid touchscreen using interpolation for fine position determination, recognition of various drag gestures. At edges, using coupling to X only conductors to recognition position at edges. "Edge motion" coasting of position when drag gesture moves to the edge. Cites further to Alpa/GlidePoint.
• [GillespieDW03a] Gillespie, David W.; Allen, Timothy P.; Wolf, Ralph C.; and Day, Shawn P. "Object Position Detector with Edge Motion Feature and Gesture Recognition", US Patent 6,610,936, August 26, 2003
  See 6,380,931: Capacitive touchpad. Uses both up and down / plus minus edge samples to cancel noise. Averaging filter optionally in hardware. Calibration function to set baseline of non-touch input. States that it can do multi-touch, and Z value / area profile of finger indicative of pressure/force sensing.
• [GiosciaR03a] Gioscia, Rich; Lam, Lawrence; and Masamichi, Udagawa "Non-rigid Mounting of a Foldable Display", US Patent 6,577,496, June 10, 2003
  foldable touchscreen PDA/smartphone with stylus. Folded size is like candy-bar phone with window to see display, open size is PDA. Stylus stores in hinge. Compare with Refalo?
• [GlatkowskiPJ03a] Glatkowski, Paul J. "Carbon Nanotube Based Transparent Conductive Coatings", Proc. Intl. SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, January 2003
  transparent carbon nanotube films as alternative to ITO, 90% transparency, sheet resistance 200 ohms/square, for touch screens and large area displays. Commercially named Nanoshield. Tolerates 180-degree folding, brittle ITO will break. See also Glatkowski patent.
• [GnatenkoV03a] Gnatenko, Vitaly "Multi-directional Input Keyboard (the MIK) -- text input solution for mobile devices / Pressure-Sensitive Keypad (the PSK)", PCT Patent Application PCT/UA02/00050, February 4, 2003
  http://vitgn.com: Pressure/force-sensing touchpad used as keypad: four force sensors at four corners of surface, detects both location (within keypad) and lateral force. Full alphabetic keyboard replacement by detecting both key pressed, and subsequent lateral push: compare with Buxton marking-menu keyboard? touchpad may be transparent. Cites to QuikWriting, other systems for eye-tracking and other virtual keyboard input.
• [GoetzeM02a] Götze, Marcel; Schlechtweg, Stefan; and Strothotte, Thomas "The Intelligent Pen -- Toward a Uniform Treatment of Electronic Documents", Proc. 2nd Int'l Symp. on Smart Graphics, 129-135. ACM Press, 2002
  Essay of how handwritten markings/annotations are made on documents including underlining, highlighting, lasso (gesture), attention marks. User interface with multiple marking instruments in a menu (photographic images of markers, eraser, pencils, etc.), special electronic tablet/pen with zoom in/out side button, reverse end is for moving document (not eraser). Representation of annotation in XML (but how tied to physical layout of document?). No mention of Anoto, or earlier electronic ink.
• [GoldRJ03a] Gold, Robert J. "Multi-function accessory for handheld electronics", US Patent Application 2003/0089832 A1, May 15, 2003
  Hinged stand/holder for PDA or pocket PC, etc. Three leaves, single-axis hinge. Two parts can be legs, third part holds device. Hinge opens more than 270 degrees to stand like book holder or easel. Screw locking mechanism on hinge.
• [GoldbergD02] Goldberg, David; Want, Roy; Weiser, Mark D. "Rotationally Desensitized Unistroke Handwriting Recognition", US Patent 6,366,697, April 2, 2002
  Unistroke single-stroke character recognition. Cites Gabelsberger Shorthand and Organk PenPut character recognition. Has very long recitation of other publications, which appear to be taken from this bibliography. Also cites responses in Xerox v. 3Com patent lawsuit: the Unistroke case concerning Palm?
• [Golem03] Golem.de "Gestenbasierter PointScreen nutzt Körper als Eingabemedium", www.golem.de/0310/27910.html, 2003
  Gesture-based PointScreen uses human body as input medium / device. Gesture input capacitive whiteboard from Fraunhofer Institute, technology similar to Theremin electrostatic device.
• [GolovchinskyG02a] Golovchinsky, Gene and Denoue, Laurent "Moving markup: Repositioning freeform annotations", Proc. 15th Ann. ACM Symp. on User Interface Software and Technology, Paris, France, Octrober 27..30, 2002
  Free-form electronic ink annotations: heuristics to anchor mark-up/annotations automatically to appropriate text, or to appropriate structure of text (margin bars, circling of text), as document layout is changed, or document is edited. One example is underlining in mark-up annotation. States that "conventional" systems, user explicitly selected text for anchor (no citations?). Cites to Wang Freestyle as being locked to fixed page layout.
• [GonzalezR01a] Gonzalez, Roberto "Access without limits: An all new approach to screen access for the blind and visually impaired", Proc. CeSun 2001 Conf.
  Paper on outSPOKEN World screen reader, developed specifically for GUI interfaces.
• [GoodL02a] Good, Lance and Bederson, Benjamin B. "Zoomable User Interfaces as a Medium for Slide Show Presentations", Information Visualization Vol 2002, No 2, pp. 35-49
  PhotoMesa semantically zoomable user interface (ZUI) for viewing photographs on small-format PDA display. Cites to Pad++ etc.
• [GordonGB01a] Gordon, Gary B.; Knee, Derek L.; Badyal, Rajeev; and Hartlove, Jason T. "Proximity Detector for a Seeing Eye Mouse", US Patent 6,281,882, August 28, 2001
  Optical mouse tracks movement by autocorrelation of images of underlying surface. "Hold" function disables input for user to reposition mouse: physical button, proximity sensor to surface, loss of image correlation, or excessive velocity.
• [GordonGB02a] Gordon, Gary B. and Wallace, Hugh "Impedance Sensing Screen Pointing Device", US Patent Application 2002/0130273, September 19, 2002
  Pointing device using a single finger: basically a small patterned touch tablet with electrostatic sensing, fine enough to detect image of ridges of fingerprint on finger, and correlate images to see how the fingertip is moving.
• [GouldEJ03a] Gould, Eric Justin; Risnadi, Paulus W.; Ho, Tina Chia; and Wilkins, Todd "Virtual Force Feedback Interface", US Patent 6,583,782, June 24, 2003
  Move cursor with stylus/touchscreen/tablet different distances depending on what the cursor is over: e.g. on a map, different slipperyness if over simulated water, slope, sand oil slick, boat in water.
• [GoyinsGS01a] Goyins, Gregg S. and Resman, Mark F. "Palm Pressure Rejection Method and Apparatus for Touchscreens", US Patent 6,246,395, June 12, 2001
  Divide touch-sensitive tablet into zones, so can do palm rejection. Detect touches in different zones simultaneously for multiple simultaneous activation points (multi-touch): sort them out by actual activation time to determine which inputs were unintended. Dividing into zones can be done algorithmically by only scanning a portion of the tablet. Palm rejection.
• [GrahamED02a] Graham, Evan Davis; Ku, Shyan; Rada, Paul Novac; and Fernandes, David "A multi-touch sensor pad input device", Canadian Patent Application CA2316067A1, February 17, 2002
  Multitouch touchpad using array of force-sensing resistive sensors, covered by a pad (to spread forces). Cites to Baxter for capacitive sensors. Passive stylus on "pressure" touchpad.
• [GrassetR02a] Grasset, Raphael and Gascuel, Jean-Dominique "MARE: multiuser augmented reality environment on table setup", Proc. SIGGRAPH '02, p. 213
  Tabletop mix of real and virtual objects. Real objects examples are pen (both physical ink, and electronic stylus for interacting with virtual objects), laptop, cup, etc. Prototype uses 6DOF Wacom tablet with stylus. Dragging/lifting gestures and unistroke gestures. Magnetic trackers on physical objects.
• [GreenbergS01a] Greenberg, Saul and Fitchett, Chester "Phidgets: Easy Development of Physical Interfaces through Physical Widgets", Proc. UIST '01, November 11..14, 2001, pp. 209..218
  Tangible media / Physical widgets: instrumented physical objects as computer user-interfaces. Notes that this requires hobbyist skills many computer user-interface developers lack, to reverse-engineer and "hack" commercial devices with no published API or documentation, or have an API that is too confining for low-level design. Discusses simulators of devices for developing user interfaces: compare with "Digital twin"? Compare with "Maker movement"? Compare with wearables?
• [GrivasCJ01a] Griva, Chris J.; Alameh, Rachid M.; and He, Fan "Sensor Controlled User Interface for Portable Communication Device", US Patent 6,246,862, June 12, 2001
  Touchscreen smartphone disables touchscreen when in proximity to user's body (ear). Uses separate IR infrared sensor for proximity.
• [GrossmanBM02a] Grossman, Beertrand M. and Pickover, Clifford Alan "Video display and selection on a graphical interface", US Patent 6,335,737, January 1, 2002
  window management: show windows as rotated 3D projections (sideways) on a 3D carousel image, user can scroll/flick/rotate carousel image to see application windows.
• [GuerreroJF01a] Guerrero, Jaime F. "Method and Apparatus for Controlling the Display of Hierarchical Information", US Patent 6,236,400, May 22, 2001
  GUI for scrolling through hierarchical/tree structured information display.
• [GuhaA02] Guha, Angshuman; Haluptzok, Patrick M.; and Pittman, James A. "Handwriting and Speech Recognizer using Neural Network with Separate Start and Continuation Output Scores", US Patent 6,393,395, May 21, 2002
  Time-delayed neural network TDNN for handwriting/gesture and speech recognition. Refers to dynamic time warping applied to lexicon dictionary, looking for least-cost / highest-probability (plausibility) path through a set of words. Important feature is points with high change in derivative of position i.e. points of high curvature (corners): compare with feature extraction of systems such as CIC and PenPad, IBM elastic matching. Some reference to the segmentation problem (cutting electronic/digital ink into strokes).
• [GuimbretiereF01a] Guimbretiere, Francois; Stone, Maureen; and Winograd, Terry "Stick it on the Wall: A Metaphor for Interaction with Large Displays", Submitted to SIGGRAPH 2001, available from the authors on-line
  FlowMenu, variation on pop-up pie menus / marking menus on a large wall display, flowmenu brought up by barrel button on chalk/stylus: menu selections can be multiple passes through section of single pie menu. Describes large display with marking (pie) menus as "digital wallpaper". Hierarchical menu effectively done in one stroke. Handwriting recognition on graphical sheets, electronic tracing paper for drawing. Items on display (desktop) may be minimized by moving to top of display, where they become thumbnails but remain active.
• [GuimbretiereF01b] Guimbretiere, Francois; Stone, Maureen; and Winograd, Terry "Fluid Interaction with High-resolution Wall-size Displays", Proc. UIST '01, November 11-14, 2001 pp. 21-30
  Interactive Mural, large whiteboard tablet display: prototype used back-projection display. FlowMenu: pop-up menu appears at pen location when use presses stylus pen, so no UI clutter on screen. Automatic zooming of virtual writing/drawing sheets when moved into working area (ZoomScape). Recognition (Calligrapher) performed on all electronic ink strokes, showing in lower left of display. Logging of previous state (compare with Wang Freestyle "Forever Desktop"). Cites to PenPoint, Momenta, Palm, marking menus.
• [GuimbretiereF03a] Guimbretiere, Francois "Paper Augmented Digital Documents", University of Maryland Tech. Rpt. CS-TR-4470, 2003. Also UIST '03
  PADD / Paper Augmented Digital Documents. Stroke collector for ink annotation applications on paper documents using Anoto digitizer pattern: also cites to Xax, DigitalDesk, Ariel, and others.
• [GuimbretiereF03b] Guimbretiere, Francois "CMSC 838G Course Notes: People Paper and Computers", Univ. Maryland, 2001/2003, www.cs.umd.edu
  Course notes, tablet and electronic paper computing: tabletop systems, Anoto pattern paper, bi-manual/two-handed interactions, tactile/haptic feedback, tablet PC, Wang FreeStyle electronic ink annotation. Cites to FingerWorks and SmartSkin for multi-touch for bi-manual/multi-touch. Recal system for automatic indexing of stroke, audio, voice notetaking.
• [GutwinC02a] Gutwin, Carl and Penner, Reagan "Improving Interpretation of Remote Gestures with Telepointer Traces", Proc. CSCW '02, November 16..20 2002, New Orleans, pp. 49-57
  Human gestures in remote desktop / whiteboard application: intermittent network delays (time jitter) makes it hard for human users to follow movements and gestures -- adding a trace (or multiple shadows) behind makes it easier to use for tracing routes, areas, moving objects, and human recognition of unistroke character shapes. Cites to PenPoint and Kurtenbach on machine recognition of gestures in a UI.
• [GutwinC02b] Gutwin, Carl "Improving Focus Targeting in Interactive Fisheye Views", Proc. CHI 2002, April 20..25, 2002, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 267..274
  Fisheye cursor (compare with fat thumb): zoom/magnification distorts movement, so flatten / reduce fisheye magnification when moving rapidly.
• [HITLab03a] Human Interface Technology Lab "HITLab Publications: Virtual Retinal Display", www.hitl.Washington.edu/pubs/hitlpub.php, 2003
  Publication list for virtual retinal display: projection directly onto human retina. Primary focus is as accessibility technology for visually impaired.
• [HP02a] Hewlett-Packard "hp Jornada 920 series wireless digital assistant user's guide", http://hp.com, fetched 2010
  Windows Mobile PAD and cell phone: slide-to-unlock in hardware mentioned on pages 10, and 31 (for the battery).
• [HP03a] Hewlett-Packard "HP iPAQ Pocket PC H2000 series User's Guide", HP, Document Part Number 293145-001, May 2003
  User guide for Pocket PC (Windows Mobile). Stylus with "letter recognizer" area at bottom of display, Microsoft Transcriber allows writing anywhere on the screen/display: compare with acetate later in Tablet PC? Enter, space, backspace, tab, cut copy paste gestures. Mentions palm rejection (?) "try not to rest your palm on the screen". Tap for handwriting recognition: compare with delayed recognition by Slate? Passive stylus (not active stylus), but recommends using only "special" stylus for damaging screen. Wifi networking, optional modem card. Microsoft Pocket PC Basics: on-screen help? Pocket versions of Word, Internet Explorer.
• [HP03b] Hewlett-Packard "Hardware Guide: HP Tablet PC Series, first edition", HP, Document Part Number 331734-001, October 2003
  Hardware/user guide for TC1100 and similar HP/Compaq convertible tablet PCs. Keyboard is detachable, display can be be used as tablet computer alone, or keyboard locked underneath with swivel hinge. Jog dial/wheel on side of tablet, used to scroll/select, but can be re-programmed for other navigation and functions: also tab, "Q menu", escape buttons. Portrait/landscape modes (primary and secondary), controled by rotate button. Off-screen tablet buttons for virtual keyboard / SIP input panel for handwriting, rotation, etc: compare with Wang "The Guide"? Cordless stylus (Wacom? N-Trig?) with single side-barrel button on stylus as mouse right-button. Pointing stick in keyboard instead of touchpad/mousepad. Special off-screen stylus button for launching application (e.g. "Journal" for handwriting note taking). Microphone, no built-in camera. Windows XP Tablet PC Edition.
• [HP03c] Hewlett-Packard "SoftwareGuide: HP Tablet PC Series", HP, Document Part Number 334243-001, October 2003
  Extended software user guide for TC1100 and similar HP/Compaq convertible tablet PCs. See also "Q Menu" above. Portrait/landscape modes are "Desktop Video Profile" (user profiles), selectable for automatic use by particular applications: e.g. landscape mode for video or presentation mode.
• [HP03d] Hewlett-Packard "Startup Guide: HP Tablet PC Series", HP, Document Part Number 334201-001, October 2003
  Start-up guide for TC1100 and similar HP/Compaq convertible tablet PCs. See HP03b Hardware Guide, similar content.
• [HahnCH02a] Hahn, Carl H. "Laptop-Computer", German Patent Application DE10043220A1, March 28, 2002
  Laptop computer with second display folding under the base, single-axis hinge can be opened up more than 270 degrees to display rearward.
• [HalseyE02a] Halsey, Eugene IV and Getz, Catherine A. "Reduced contrast improved transmission conductively coated transparent substrate", US Patent Application 2002/0086188, July 4, 2002
  Transparent conductive grid tablet digitizer. Silicon dioxide covers non-conducting areas to reduce visibility of pattern. Mentions dummy features (for optical fill-in), transparent grid, near field capacitive touchscreen.
• [HamburgenWR01a] Hamburgen, William R.; Wallach, Deborah A.; Viredza, Marc A.; Brakmo, Lawrence S.; Waldspurger, Car A.; Bartlett, Joel F.; Mann, Timothy; and Farkas, Keith I. "Computing Practice: Itsy: Stretching the Bounds of Mobile Computing", IEEE Computer, April 2001, pp. 28-36
  Embodied user interface: Hand-held device with accelerometer in a display: user input is by gestures moving device: pitch, roll, slosh, snapping, tapping, fanning. Device automatically changed from portrait to landscape mode based on how it was held: compare with iPhone accelerometer. Cites to earlier work on accelerometers, graspable user interfaces. Speech output (DECtalk), TalkSoft speaker-independent small-vocabulary speech recognition used in multimedia e-mail user interface.
• [HammondT02a] Hammond, Tracy and Davis, Randall "Tahuti: A Geometrical Sketch Recognition System for UML Class Diagrams", AAAI Spring Symposium: Sketch Recognition, 2002
  Tahuti: Sketch/symbol recognition for symbols in UML diagrams: elastic matching (?) to line segments, ellipses, poly-lines, and complex shapes (e.g. special rectilinear symbols at ends of lines)? Uses timing data from tablet (pause points) to determine corners. Pre-processing to change line segments to straight lines of stylized characters.
• [HancockSL01a] Hancock, S. Lee; Dana, Peter H. and Morrison, Scott D. "Internet based geographic location referencing system and method", US Patent 6,202,023, March 13, 2001
  Location-based services over the internet. Device sends location (GPS) to server, which returns URL of appropriately geo-located server for service request.
• [Handspring01a] Handspring Inc. "VisorPhone Module User Guide", Handspring, Inc., 2001
  VisorPhone user guide: cellular phone plug-in module for Springboard expansion slot interface on Palm PDAs. Smartphone with touchscreen interface. PDA battery in cellular phone module, mounts on back of PDA. Integration of SMS text messages with email messaging from contact list address book. Cellular data integrated with Palm PDA support.
• [HansenJP03a] Hansen, John Paulin; Johansen, Anders Sewerin; Hansen, Dan Witzner; Itoh, Kenji; and Mashino, Satoru "Command Without a Click: Dwell Time Typing by Mouse and Gaze Selections", Proc. INTERACT '03, pp. 121-128
  Dwell time using human gaze/eye-tracking (accessibility) compared with mouse clicking using an on-screen predictive keyboard. Mentions adaptive dwell time, shorter time for more skilled users. Adjustable press-and-hold as "dwell time".
• [HaraK03a] Hara, Kenji "GTEdit: A Gesture-based Visual Programming Environment for Teaching Lisp", Senior thesis, U. Tokyo, Department of Information Science, February 12, 2003
  Handwriting/gesture recognition by nearest-distance template matching -- compare with elastic matching? Editing of Lisp programs by editing node/tree structure of program (LISP): compare with Plamondon? GTEdit: Gesture-based Tree Editor.
• [HaradaT03a] Harada, Tomoki "Input Processing Method and Input Processing Device for Implementing Same", US Patent 6,657,615, December 2, 2003
  Different mouse input operations simulated based on touching time on a touch panel. Direction of scrolling depending on press-and-hold time.
• [HarkinGF03a] Harkin, Gerard F. "Hand biometrics sensing device", US Patent 6,628,810, September 30, 2003
  Touchpanel for authentication with fine resolution for hand biometrics. Hand biometrics need element spacing/pitch of 400 microns (800 micron resolution?), fingerprints at 70 microns (140 micron resolution). Resolution can be varied by spatial subsampling e.g. every sixth column. Separate resolutions in different areas for hand biometrics and top for fingerprints.
• [HarrisonBL01a] Harrison, Beverly L.; Buxton, William A. S.; and Zhai, Shumin "Graphical user interface with anti-interference outlines for enhanced variably-transparent applications", US Patent 6,317,128, November 13, 2001
  Touchscreen/mouse GUI with transparent/translucent widgets (menus, tools) etc. Outlines on translucent elements make them easier for user to see.
• [HataR03a] Hata, Ryota; Hirashima, Takeshi; Ikeda, Atsushi; Kagami, Kenichi; Kiuchi, Shinya; and Oshima, Shuichi "Mobile Terminal Device", Japanese Patent Application JP2003258970A, September, 12, 2003
  Clamshell flip-phone or portable computer, single/double hinge folds back 270 degrees to "fall prevention posture" for video viewing. Also shows swivel-hinge to flip display for use as a tablet computer with handwriting input.
• [HawkinsJC01a] Hawkins, Jeffrey Charles "Keynote Address, Comdex 2001", www.waystation.net/stillman/ComDexReporting/Comdex2001
  Cites tablet computer as starting in 1989, focus includes portability, not just handwriting. WinPad as Microsoft effort *after* Windows for Pen Computing.
• [HawkinsJC02a] Hawkins, Jeffrey Charles; Sipher, Joseph Kahn; Marianetti, Ron II "Multiple pen stroke character set and handwriting recognition system with immediate response", US Patent 6,493,464, December 10, 2002
  Refers to single stroke glyphs used as modifiers to characters already recognized, or to next stroke: e.g. to make be recognized as a punctuation mark; presented as alternative to Unistroke recognition, especially for single-character (palmtop) input with limited writing area -- Unistroke, Graffiti. Has extensive bibliography, including at least one reference to an internal/non-public (Litvin?): appears to have numerous references taken from this bibliography. Cites to PenDOS, Linus, Blatt gestures for spreadsheets at Wang in 1989. File has notes on Unistroke.
• [HayesJJ01a] Hayes, John Joseph Jr. and Thornson, Curtis Waynes "Radiotelephones having contact-sensitive user interfaces and methods operating same", US Patent 6,278,888, August 21, 2001
  Smartphone with graphical objects activated by input via contact-sensitive transducer (resistive, electrostatic, or acoustic touchscreen digitizer, or touch strip), momentary number of contacts during time interval (e.g. double-tap?), moving contact (for scrolling). Cited by examiner Touchscreen 575.
• [HechtDL01a] Hecht, David L. "Printed Embedded Data Graphical User Interfaces", IEEE Computer, March 2001, pp 47-55
  DataGlyphs: PEDGUI (Printed embedded data graphical user interfaces). Information encoded on the pixels in a passive printed -- or also active -- display can be read by a stylus optical sensor. Refers specifically to "address codes" embedded in a pattern, such that the sensor can read position (like a digitizer?) from the pattern underneath: uses term "address carpets": contrast with Sekendur, Anoto. "paper intermedium" by Bobrow et al. MagicLens (which see) on printed documents: encyclopedia pictures, etc.
• [HechtDL01b] Hecht, David L.; Jared, David A.; Flores, L. Noah; Stearns, Richard G.; and Chang, Kenneth H. P. "Glyph address carpet methods and apparatus for providing location information in a multidimensional address space", US Patent 6,327,395, December 4, 2001
  Self-clocking glyph codes: Encoded pattern (modified stippling, small diagonal marks in two orientations for 0/1) in printed material, optical image capture pen reads patter, takes action on decoded value. Cites to Anoto, Rekimoto pick-and-drop.
• [HechtDL02a] Hecht, David L.; Luckman, Colin G.; Petrie, Glen W.; and Kaplan, Ronald M. "Method and apparatus for embedding translation information in text-based imaged data", European Patent Application 1217537, June 26, 2002
  Xerox Data Glyphs -- optical tablet/location pattern: see also Guimbretiere. Used to embed text in printed images in encoded form. Compare with anoto?
• [HechtE03a] Hecht, Eugene "Optics, 4th edition", Addison-Wesley, 2003
  Textbook/reference on optics, emphasizing electromagnetic fields, scattering of electromagnetic waves, and quantum physics. Compare with Feynman?
• [HeilemannJ01a] Heilemann, John "Pride Before the Fall: The Trials of Bill Gates and the End of the Microsoft Era", Harper Collins, 2001
  Microsoft/DOJ antitrust/anti-monopoly case over NetScape NS web browsers. Richard A. Posner appeals-court judge intervening. Break-up order by Judge Jackson. Book ends right after final decisions, tone is negative for Microsoft's future. Compare with PenPoint or other private antitrust litigations?
• [HeutschiT02a] Heutschi, Theodor "Electronic Device, Preferably and Electronic Book", US Patent 6,335,678, January 1, 2002
  Electronic book / tablet computer / laptop (?) with touchscreen or stylus input, wireless access and video camera.
• [HillmanR02a] Hillman, Robert; Patel, Chirag D.; and Layton, Philip "Electronic Input Device", US Patent Appliation 2002/0061217 A1, May 23, 2002
  Projection keyboard for virtual keyboard, mouse, or position detector (i.e. tablet). Finger position/touch detected by projected light beam parallel to projection surface such as a desk, triangulation from known projection angle of light beam and visual angle of reflected light in camera: optical touchscreen.
• [HimbergJ03a] Himberg, Johan; Kaekkilae, Jonna; and Maentyjaervi, Jani "On-line personalization of a touch screen based keyboard", Proc. IUI '03, January 12-15, 2003, Miami, Florida, pp. 77-84
  For virtual/on-screen keyboard on touchscreen, automatically shift/adjust fine positions of keys based on frequency and patterns of use (for consistent inaccuracies). Consistency based on user handedness and hand extensions. Basically a slight shift in target boundaries to match user's consistent offsets. Compare with stroke/ink targeting in PenPoint/PenApps/W4PC.
• [HinckleyK01a] Hinckley, Kenneth Paul "Technique for implementing an on-demand display widget through controlled fading initiated by user contact with a touch sensitive input device", US Patent 6,333,753, December 25, 2001
  Microsoft assignee, abstract says "Tool Glass" UI. Semi-transparent Tool window is blended in when non-preferred hand/finger touches touchscreen, fades out when non-preferred finger removed, so that tool window does not clutter/obscure when not used / on-demand.
• [HinckleyK01b] Hinckley, Kenneth Paul "Technique for implementing an on-demand tool glass for use in a desktop user interface.", US Patent 6,232,957, May 15, 2001
  Cites to Bier / Toolglass, Balakrishnan PadMouse: Semi-transparent Tool glass is blended in when non-preferred hand/finger touches touchscreen, fades out when non-preferred finger removed, so that tool window does not clutter/obscure when not used / on-demand.
• [HinckleyK02a] Hinckley, Ken "Input technologies and techniques", "The human-computer interaction handbook", pp. 151-168, 1992, ISBN 0-8058-3838-4
  Survey of input technologies: includes multi-touch, touchscreen, gestures.
• [HinckleyK03a] Hinckley, Ken "Synchronous Gestures for Multiple Persons and Computers", Proc. UIST 2003 Symp. on User Interface Software and Technology
  Gesture of tapping two tablets (Tablet PCs) with accelerometers together to join them into one extended virtual display: synchronous gesture refers to gesture involving two separate devices.
• [HiramatsuK02a] Hiramatsu, Kazunori "Coordinate Input System and Display Apparatus", US Patent 6,339,748, January 15, 2002
  Rear-projection display touchscreen using image rays -- looks similar to display scan for CRT. Infrared light projected on rear of screen, passive optical stylus with a reflective tip (in infrared), CCD camera to detect reflection, calculate position coordinates. Not sure why it needs a CCD camera, if this is projecting a ray, seems like position could be determined only from timing. Option of multiple infrared rays. Spot ray projector for infrared and projector for visual image at right-angle incident angles to reduce interference.
• [HiraokaS03a] Hiraoka, Shigeo; Miyamoto, Isshin; and Tomimatsu, Kiyoshi "Behind Touch: A Text Input Method for Mobile Phone by The Back and Tactile Sense Interface", Proc of Interaction 2003, Tokyo, Japan, Information Processing Society of Japan, pp. 131..138
  Physical buttons (with tactile feel) on back of PDA, to free up display space on front of touchscreen display. Compare with rear touchscreens? (in Japanese, with machine translation).
• [HiroseM03a] Hirose, Michitaka and Amamlya, tomohiro "Wearable Finger-Braille Interface for Navigation of Deaf-Blind in Ubiquitous Barrier-Free Space", Proc. 10th Int'l. Conf. on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI International 2003), Crete, Greece, vol. 4, pp 1417..1421
  Wearable haptic display: vibration element attached to backs of fingers of deaf-blind, referred to as "Finger-Braille", used for navigation through large rooms.
• [HirshbergD03a] Hirshberg, David "Multifunctional Keypad on Touch Screen", US Patent 6,597,345, July 22, 2003
  Telephone-like virtual keypad on touchscreen, direction of stroke from key determines character/function input. Compare with Buxton keyboard?
• [HisamitsuK03a] Hisamitsu, Kameshima "Conductive Film and Method of Manufacturing Same", Japanese Patent Application JP2003331664A, 2003
  Method of manufacturing conductive/resistive film, filling grooves in base material 10 microns or smaller/narrower to form a mesh. Shows figure of irregular polygonal mesh pattern.
• [History.Handy.Ru01] History.Handy.ru "AT&T EO Communicator 440/880", http://history.handy.ru/museum/eo.html, 2001
  Museum article on PenPoint, EO Personal Communicator from 1991, 1993 (in Russian).
• [HoeksaH01a] Hoeksma, Henry "Touch-screen Input Devices", US Patent 6,271,835, August 7, 2001
  Very small virtual keyboard on touchscreen, small number of keys, one key covers multiple characters, haver first it you get keyboard with characters of that key. Specifically mentions use on a wristwatch devices. Compare with Buxton?
• [HoekstraJD02a] Hoekstra, Jeffrey D.; Atkinson, Donald; and Rywelski, Chris "Proof annotation system and method", WTO Patent Application WO02093903A1, November 21, 2002
  Mark-up/proof-marking system for photographs and documents: user can writing comments and annotations (see digital/electronic ink) on digital image of a document (e.g. "retouch", "color correct", "add text"). Cites to flexible digitizer mats/tablets for "whiteboard": Numonoics GridMaster, GTCO Roll-Up II, Altek DataFlex II large-format digitizer. Multiple layers of comments/annotations can be saved on separate virtual sheets to avoid clutter. Compare with Freestyle?
• [HolehanSD02a] Holehan, Steven D. "Computer system with integratable touchpad-security subsystem", US Patent 6,337,918, January 8, 2002
  Fingerprint sensor and touchpad in one unit. States infra-red sensing. Authentication information stored in removable device (smartcard?). Also infrared stylus, can be used to project infrared light on finger for fingerprint scan.
• [HolmdahlTE02a] Holmdahl, Todd E.; von Fuchs, Erik; and Hooning, Michael R. "Computer Input Device Providing Haptic Feedback", US Patent 6,452,586, September 17, 2002
  Tactile feedback haptic mouse: clicks/thumps when crossing a boundary.
• [HookC03a] Hook, Christian; Kempf, Juergen; and Scharfenberg, Georg "New Pen Device for Biometrical 3D Pressure Analysis of Handwritten Characters, Words and Signatures", Proc. WBMA '03, November 8, 2003, Berkeley, California, pp. 38..44
  Biometric smart pen BiSP for signature verification/authentification, writer identification. Combines X/Y position, 3D force/pressure sensors (lateral force + Z force), acoustic signals generated by handwriting and speech, fingerprint scanner, optical scanner/camera for paper. File contains additional references on Biometric Smart Pen Project through 2015: grip sensors, biometric toothbrush sensor, etc.
• [HopkinsM03a] Hopkins, Mark "Disabling Press and Hold in Applications Written for Tablet PC", http://msdn.microsoft.com, 2003
  remove property MicrosoftTabletPenServiceProperty from dialog window on Tablet PC to disable press-and-hold gesture, because it can be confused with mouse hold on button, such as for audio recording -- example of conflict between mouse and stylus input, or of different behavior for press-and-hold (e.g. audio recording).
• [HoshinoT02a] Hoshino, Takeshi; Yokoyama, Yoshimasa; Minemoto, Takeshi; Aoki, Masahide; Osawa, Atsuo; and Umeharda, Kunio "Display operation method to change the number of images to be displayed and to independently change image direction and rotation of each image", US Patent 6,396,506, May 28, 2002
  Rotate windows showing image (e.g. of a menu) to be right-side-up (portrait/landscape) for multiple users surrounding a display surface table. See Rotatable Google.
• [HourcadeJP02a] Hourcade, Juan Pablo; Bederson, Benjamin B.; Druin, Allison; and Taxen, Gustav "KidPad: Collaborative Storytelling for Children", Demonstration. Proc. CHI 2002, April 25-25, 2002, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 500-501
  KidPad: drawing program for children using graphical tools, tool boxes instead of graphical menus or simple icons. Tools can be picked up in GUI.
• [HowardB01a] Howard, Bruce and Howard, Susie "Lightglove: Wrist-Worn Virtual Typing and Pointing", Proc. IEEE 5th Intl. Symp. on Wearable Computers, October 8..9, 2001, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 172..173
  Lightglove: compare with DataGlove? Optical sensors mounted below wrist with multiple optical output beams, one for each finger. Detects when each finger is moved down to reflect bream. Intent is support of virtual typing (compare: virtual keyboard?). Also mentions pointing input, but not clear how that would operate.
• [HsuAC01a] Hsu, Andrew C.; Day, Shawn P.; Schediwy, Richard; and Gillespie, David "Flexible Transparent Touch Sensing System for Electronic Devices", European Patent Application EP1138014B1, April 19, 2001
  Transparent flexible capacitive touchscreen, may be put over curved surfaces. Multi-touch, Z contact area, space-filling dummy traces, 1999. Substantially transparent conductors include gold, silver, etc. as alternatives to ITO. Refers to electromagnetic stylus with touchscreens in background art, shielding. Incorporates fingerprint scanner underneath or within transparent touchscreen (used as touchpad). Resistive/conductive overlay to spread out effective size / capacitive coupling of a stylus. Material/film can be high resistance: 300 ohms/square.
• [HurstGS03a] Hurst, G. Samual; Ritchie, Rufus; Bouldin, Donald W. and Warmack, Robert "Touch screen based topological mapping with resistance framing design", US Patent 6,650,319, November 18, 2003
  Pin-cushion distortion correction for resistive sheet digitizer using periodic resistance lines at sides of touchscreen. Cited for EIT electrical impedance tomography?
• [HwangF01a] Hwang, Faustina; Keates, Simeon; Langdon, Patrick; Clarkson, P. John; and Robinston, Peter "Perception and Haptics: Towards More Accessible Computers for Motion-Impaired Users", Proc. ACM PUI, Orlando Florida, 2001
  Haptic feedback used in pointing/mouse with motion-impaired users, using Logitech Wingman force-feedback mouse generating both vibration and force-feedback. Gravity well around pointing targets helpful, velocity and acceleration damping.
• [IBM01a] IBM "Ink Manager SDK for ThinkPad TransNote "tablet pc"", www.ibm.com, 2001
  Announcement of ink-manager SDK in Java and C++ for electronic ink time-stamped ink strokes, ink annotation, character/handwriting recognition. Was announced about the time of PenWindows, PenPoint, before PenDOS from CIC. Note that "ThinkPad"in 1991 referred to pen PCs, not to generic laptops.
• [IBM01b] IBM "ThinkPad TransNote", www.ibm.com, 2001
  ThinkScribe digital notepad: separate digitizer, combined with ThinkPad Tablet PC, sold as TransNote product. Thus two digitizer tablets?
• [IBM01c] International Business Machines "Ink Manager Pro 1.0 and ThinkScribe Digital Notepad User's Guide", IBM Corp., 2001
  Electronic ink / ink editing applications: My Ink Files, Ink Viewer, Ink Clipboard, note-taking with Lotus Notes and Microsoft Outlook. Mentions Graphics Tablet Mode, operates as absolute-position mouse input for pen-enabling via mouse emulation. Uses separate TransNote/ThinkScribe digital notepad (IBM Transnote slim laptop with separate slim tablet) for capturing ink and later transferring to PC -- compare with Anoto application.
• [IBM01d] IBM PC Institute "Personal Systems Reference - IBM ThinkPad Notebooks, 1992 to 2001", IBM PC Institute, January 2001, Version 214
  Specification on IBM ThinkPad laptop/portable computers. Pen for OS/2 1.0, Windows for Pen Computing 1.0/Pen Windows, PenPoint, PenDOS on Thinkpad 700/700C, 720/720C, 360, 360PE, 730T, 730TE, 750.
• [IRIS01a] I. R. I. S. "IRISPen II (Executive) User's Guide", I.R.I.S., 2001
  Hand-hold OCR scanner, includes handwriting recognition (numerals/digits only), text-to-speech voice output, bar-code scanner. Text recognition uses syntax pattern recognition for specific languages. Accessibility aid? Contrast sensor with Anoto.
• [Iggers02] Iggers, Bryan / Bryan's Tech Corner "Bryan's Tech Corner for the T100X", www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Vista/4927/t100x_bigs.html, 2002
  Technical information, software, support on 1997 Toshiba T100X pen-windows pen-computing tablet computer.
• [IlinskiR03a] Ilinski, Roman "Interface with pre-typing visual feedback for touch-sensitive keyboard", Proc. CHI 2003, April 5-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, pp. 750-751 (short talk)
  Touch-sensitive (touchpad) keyboard cover, cover is touch-sensitive but shaped/contoured for the separate character "keys".
• [Immersion02a] Immersion Corporation "MicroScribe G2 User's Guide", Immersion Corp., San Jose, California, 2002
  Electromechanical 3D digitizer, desktop sized. Software drivers for DOS and Windows.
• [Immersion02b] Immersion Corporation "Immersion TouchSense-enabled computer peripherals", Immersion Corp., San Jose, California, 2002
  List of third-party products using Immersion haptic feedback components, touchpad sensors: HP Force Feedback Web Mouse, Logitech iFeel Mouse, Saitek Touch Force Optical Mouse, Kensington Orbit 3D trackball.
• [Immersion02c] Immersion Corporation "Immersion MicroScribe-3D and 3Dl desktop digitizing systems data sheet", Immersion Corp., San Jose, California, 2002
  Data sheet for mechanical-linkage 3D digitizer, for taking data for 3D modeling software (Solidworks, AutoCAD, Rhino3D etc.) Also used as 3D "mouse" to control camera views, define animation trajectories. (Would need 6DOF input?).
• [InoueH01a] Inoue, Hisashi; Nagayama, Keiji; and Yatsugi, Tomishige "Apparatus for Recording and Reproducing Digital Image and Speech", US Patent 6,226,449, May 1, 2001
  Recording and displaying videos and speech on a hand-held device. Compare with video editing with Buxton/Kurtenbach?
• [Intel02] Intel Corporation "Intel Mobile Platform Vision Guide for 2003", Intel Corp. technical document, September 2002
  Refers to Slates and Handled devices using stylus-based input (pen-computing), but not covered in this guide.
• [InterLink03a] InterLink Electronics Inc. "ePad from InterLink Electronics, electronic signature solutions", InterLink Electronics, Inc. 2003
  Electronic signature touchpad, cites to ESIGN Act 2000, Model Notary Act 2002, HIPAA and Patriot Act requirements. See also CIC "sign-it" software.
• [Interaccion01a] Gonzalez, Julio Abascal; Penalvo, Francisco Jose Garcia; and Gonzalez, Ana B. Gil, Eds. "Interaccion 2001: Segundo Congreso Internacional de Interaccion Persona-Ordenador", Conf. Proc., May 16-18, 2001, Universida de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
  (In Spanish)Conference on user interface future, includes review articles on touchscreens (pantallas tactiles), tablet/pen computers (tabletas), electronic whiteboards (pizarras electronicas), ubiquitous computing (computacion ubicua), digitizer tablet(tableta digitalizadora) etc.
• [IppelSC02a] Ippel, Scott C. and Getz, Catherine A. "Plastic Substrate for Information Devices and Method for Making Same", US Patent Application 2002/0031622, March 14, 2002
  Transparent flexible substrate for touchscreens and displays. Haze less than 1.5 percent, transmissivity at least 90%, clarity about 98%. Haze preferably less than 0.8%, low haze / high important.
• [IsenmanCC02a] Isenman, Colin C. "Method and apparatus for displaying translucent overlapping graphical objects on a computer monitor", US Patent 6,346,281 March 12, 2002
  Filing date 1995. GUI with transparent/translucent overlapping windows or objects, on pen computer with touchscreen and stylus. A vestigial outline or simplified form of the object underneath is shown on the obscuring window.
• [IwamotoT01a] Iwamoto, Takayuki; Maeda, Taro; and Shinoda, Hiroyuki "Focused Ultrasound for Tactile Feeling Display", Proc. ICAT 2001, December 2001, Tokyo, Virtual Reality Society of Japan
  Haptic feedback / tactile display: focused ultrasound at 1MHz to 5Mhz works both by radiation pressure and direct stimulation of somatic nerves. Neurophysiological/engineering study, not computer application per se. See later work.
• [IwamuraR02a] Iwamura, Ryuichi "Motion sensing interface", US Patent 6,498,628, December 24, 2002
  Eyes-front gesture user interface using image detection of hand and fingers.
• [IwataH01a] Iwata, Hiroo; Yao, Hiroaki; Nakaizumi, Fumitaka; and Kawamura, Ryo "Project FEELEX: Adding Haptic Surface to Graphics", Proc. SIGGRAPH 2001, August 12..17, 2001, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 469..475
  Haptic display: actuator rods below a flexible screen/layer, raised up for some shape that can be felt with the hands, thus giving continuous (but lumpy?) surface. Cites to micro-pin braille tactile displays, surface displays, Wellner DigitalDesk.
• [IzadiS03a] Izadi, Shahram; Brignull, Harry; Rodden, Tom; Rogers, Yvonne; and Underwood, Mia "Dynamo: A public interactive surface supporting the cooperative sharing and exchange of media", Proc. UIST '03, CHI Letters Vol 5 No 2, 2003, pp. 159-168
  Multi-user shared tabletop display with multiple users: each user uses separate mouse and keyboard, or remote connection.
• [JacobsS02a] Jacobs, Steve "The Electronic Curb-Cut Effect: Disability and Development", www.icdri.org November 22, 2002: fetched 2011
  International Center for Disability Resources on the Internet. Disability/Accessibility design often useful to other users in other ways. First PDA intended for the deaf (US Pat. 3746793), W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines.
• [JaegerS03a] Jaeger, Stefan and Nakagawa, Masaki "The Callpaper Concept: Turning Paper into Computer Terminals", Seventh Intl. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition Vol II p. 1065, August 03..06, 2003 Edinburgh Scotland
  Speculative concept paper (?) for using pen and paper as interface to computer: does cite to Anoto, not to Digital Desk or Wellner. Refers to model file for each paper document (definitions of fields, their type -- tick vs. dat vs. action -- and location on the paper): compare with Anoto paper forms definition? Speculative about hardware: refers to optical/infrared tablet digitizers as "Sensor clamp", cites to OTM Technologies VPen laser 3-D digitizer pen for tracking motion. Confuses three-point and four-point calibration of digitizer.
• [JainAK03a] Jain, Anil K. and Namboodiri, Anoop M. "Indexing and Retrieval of On-line Handwritten Documents", Proc. 7th Int'l. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR 2003
  Searching, indexing of handwritten (not sketches or diagrams?) electronic ink text. Assert that actual device (tablet) not important. Based on word-spotting in text, with string matching. Errors on similar written words: foot / feet. Uses dynamic time warping: compare with elastic matching?
• [JaredDA01a] Jared, David A.; Flores, L. Noah; Hecht, David L.; Stearns, Richard G.; and Chang, Kenneth H. P. "Methods and apparatus for robust decoding of glyph address carpets", US Patent 6,208,771, March 27, 2001
  Use of patterned data glyphs/ two-dimensional address codes, printed on paper to encode position information, first examining the pattern to determine the orientation of the paper, and then to again analysing to determine the position. Compare to Anoto in particular (cited), also to similar Microsoft patent. Cites to Xerox "Smart Paper".
• [JarrettR03a] Jarrett, Rob and Su, Philip "Building Tablet PC Applications", Microsoft Press, 2003 (hardcopy book)
  Chapter 2 discusses digitizer technologies, classifies them as resistive, electrostatic (which can determine tilt angle of the pen???), electromagnetic. Discusses nonlinearity distortions in digitizer due to ferrous metal and nearby electronic components. Discusses visual parallax due to refraction from protective glass, not from front-mounting of digitizer tablet over the display. Special problems of double-clicking versus double-tapping gesture, hand motion during pointing and hovering in proximity. Mentions barrel buttons on pen. Section "Tablet Computing Comes of Age" quotes Kaplan book on dramatic history of GO and Microsoft on PenPoint and pen computing, but gives no mention to Marlin Eller book on same history from Microsoft point of view to eliminate PenPoint. Jarret listed on Keely patents for Microsoft. Compare with Detachable networking (deferred connectivity) on PenPoint.
• [JenkinsFA01a] Jenkins, Francis A. and White, Harvey E. "Fundamentals of Optics, 4th ed.", McGra-Hill Higher Education, 2001
  Textbook and reference on optics. Discusses Brewster's Window for minimizing/eliminated unwanted reflections, polarization.
• [JhaveriN03a] Jhaveri, Natalie "Two Characters per Stroke - A Novel Pen-Based Text Input Techniques", Proc. New Interaction Techniques '03, Spring 2003, Univ. Tampere, Finland
  Text entry similar to Quikwriting: user touches on key on virtual keyboard, gets pop-up pie-menu for next character (e.g. vowels after consonants).
• [JonesR01a] Jones, Randall "Review: MTC Express Multi-touch Controller", Computer Music Journal, Vol 25 No 1, 2001: pp. 97-99
  Review of TacTex MTC Express Multi-touch Controller: Touchpad with X/Y/Pressure at data rate of 200 points/second, resolutions approximately 1 mm or 25 points/inch. Proximity (in X and Y?) effect affects accuracy when touch points are close together.
• [JordaS03a] Jorda, S. "Sonigraphical instruments: from FMol to the reacTable*", Proc. Int'l. Conf. on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, 2003, Montreal, Canada, pp. 70..60. Reprinted in "A NIME Reader: Fifteen Years of New Interfaces for Musical Expression", 2016.
  reacTable*: tabletop experimental music system: objects activated by touch (gesture), two object related by "fixed" touching (gesture) on two objects, highlight/"aura" if object is active, objects interconnected by proximity. Activating a control object with no sound objects linked, automatically links to nearest sound object. Overhead camera recognized hand gestures, and physical objects (compare: tangibles). Cites to Tangible Bits (vs. non-interactive "painted pixels").
• [JostenM03a] Josten, Marcus; Rutschmann, Dirk; and Massen, Robert "Messbar einfach: Mobiles und wirtschaftliches 3D Body Scanning in der Medizin mit dem MagicalSkin Scanner", Proc. CEUR Workshop, Vol 80, 2003, pp. 216- 219
  (in German) Corpus.e commercial product: User puts on "magical skin" tight body suit with pattern of targets, single camera products 3D model of body using structure-through-motion. Compare with Chen 2010. Application area is fitting of medical prosthesis, etc.
• [JungT02a] Jung, Thomas "Haptische Systeme ("Haptic Systems")", Lecture notes 27.06.2002, "Entwicklung von Multimediasystemen", Sommersemester 2002, Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin
  (in German) Lecture notes on haptic and multimedia input systems. Devices without computer-generated feedback include mouse, pressure-sensitive tablets, and touchpads (multi-touch) with gestures. Cites 3-D force mouse, Logitech ultrasonic mouse with 6 DOF degrees of freedom. MTC Express/Tactex multi-touch device with interpolated values of taxels (touch pixels). Describes haptic-somatic systems using somatic sensing of body position as the "feedback". Datagloves include Cyberglove, Cybergrasp, CyberForce products. Motion tracking, neuronal implants.
• [JungWG02a] Jung, Walter G., ed. "Op Amp Applications", Analog Devices, 2002
  Textbook and reference on operational amplifier op-amp applications and circuit design. Op-amps with data converters (ADC, DAC), analog filters, sensor signal conditioning. Discussion of CMRR common-mode rejection ratio, differential and single-ended input, power supply rejection ratio. History of negative feedback and operational amplifiers to 1928.
• [KajewskiSL01a] Kajewski, Stephen L.; Tilley, Paul; Crawford, John; Remmers, Todd; Chen, Swee-Eng; Lenard, Dennis; Brewer, Graham; Gameson, Rod; Kolomy, Richard; Martins, Rui; Sher, Willy; Weippert, Achim; Caldwell, Geoff; and Haug, Mark "Handheld Technology Review", Queensland Univ. Technology Report 2001-008-C-06, CRC for Construction Innovation, 2001. Available from http://icon.net
  Review of handheld computers / PDAs for use in construction industry: Palm OS, Symbian OS, Windows CE Os, Java. Bar code reading, RFID. GPS mapping software (Pharos, Delorme), GPS data logging. Biometric security (built-in fingerprint sensor: thermal). RotoView streaming video, and orientation sensor to allow viewing of larger virtual displays by tilt/scroll. Report date is 2001, but appears to have (forward looking?) references to July 2003.
• [KalthoffTV01a] Kalthoff, Timoth V. and Rundel, Bernd M. "Touch Screen Measurement Circuit and Method", US Patent 6,246,394, June 12, 2001
  two-layer resistive sheet touchscreen with automatic recalibration for internal resistances to adjust for changes in contact resistance as material ages, temperature. Refers to correction table to correct for nonlinearity in resistive sheets.
• [KamelHM02a] Kamel, Hesham M. and Landay, James A. "Sketching Image Eyes-free: A Grid-based Dynamic Drawing Tool for the Blind", Proc. Assets 2002, July 8..10, 2002, Edinburgh, Scotland
  IC2D grid-based drawing tool for the blind/visually-impaired, using arrow keys and function keys instead of mouse/tablet. Brief review of tactile displays, auditory displays, tongue displays. Cites to T-Draw with Thermostift digitizing tablet and heat-sensitive swell paper.
• [KamijohN01a] Kamijoh, Noboru; Inoue, Tadanobu; Olsen, C. Michael; Raghunath, M. T.; and Narayanaswami, Chandra "Energy Trade-offs in the IBM Wristwatch Computer", Proc. IWSC '01, 5th IEEE Intl. Symp. on Wearable Computers, 2001, pp. 1-9
  Wristwatch computer (Linux, X11) with touchscreen. Focuses on power management -- reducing the number of turned-on pixels, etc.
• [KamiyamaK02a] Kamiyama, Kazuto; Mizota, Terukazu; and Kajimoto, Hiroyuki "A Vision-based Tactile Sensor II", Proc. ICAT 2002, December 4-6 2002, Tokyo
  Optical tactile sensor. Duplicate elasticity of human finger in deformable plastic, with optical markers. Internal camera detects displacement of markers, determines X/Y/Z forces on the sensor body. Application is telepresence, tactile sensing similar to human. Compare to TacTex and similar touchscreens / tablets.
• [KanamaruY02a] Kanamaru, Yukio "Portable Personal Computer", Japanese Patent Application JP2002132385A, May 10, 2002
  Portable personal computer (laptop), lies flat at 180 degrees, display inverted 180 degrees either automatically or manually for presentation to other user. Compare with portrait/landscape orientation?
• [KanbaraH01a] Kanbara, Hisashige; Hagiwara, Hiroyuki; and Tosaka, Minoru "Electromagnetically Shielding Bonding Film, and Shielding Assembly and Display Device Using Such Film", US Patent 6,197,408, March 6, 2001
  Transparent conductive shielding film (metal or ITO, alternative) for displays make of micropatterned metal mesh on transparent plastic/polycarbonate, 50% open area aperture ratio.
• [KangMG02a] Kang, Min-Goo and Kim, Ki-Hwan "Touch panel device", US Patent 6,445,426, September 3, 2002
  Touchpanel/touchscreen with varying sheet resistance values between electrodes by perforating with through holes, varying dimensions and spacing between. Anisotropic sheet resistance implied by stating that resistance does not depend on aspect ratio of sheet, but on intervals/spacing of through holes. Compare with Kable?
• [KargerPA02a] Karger, Paul A. and Schell, Roger R. "Thirty Years Later: Lessons from the Multics Security Evaluation", Proc. 18th Annual IEEE Computer Security Applications Conf., December 9..13, 2002, pp. 119-ff
  Multics security: Security review of Multics predicted modern-day security failures. Main security-review lesson of Multics was that cannot protect against malware (trap-doors, Trojan software) without central security kernel, add-on security/hardening not effective. Orange Book valid today. One factor is that if security enhancements are optional feature, many/most applications will not be designed for them. Buffer overflows, pointers DEP data execution protection, stack growth in positive direction (away from return address) primary security concerns/failures.
• [Karpenko02] Karpenko, Olga; Hughes, John F. and Raskar, Ramesh "Free-form Sketching with Variational Implicit Surfaces", Eurographics 2002, Vol. 21 No. 3. Also available as Tech. Rpt. TR2002-27, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, June 2002
  Three-dimensional solid-form drawing using two-dimensional input from a mouse, using a projected silhouette of the two-dimensional input. www.merl.com.
• [KavanaughPK01a] Kavanaugh, Paul K.; Todorovich, Mark M.; and Grieb, Robert L. "Wallet for Personal Information Devices", US Patent 6,223,233, April 24, 2001
  Wallet/case for PCMCIA card electronic organizer/PDA. Wallet has touchscreen, display, external memory, and power for PDA. Mutual-capacitance touchscreen (Cirque GlidePoint).
• [KayA02a] Kay, Alan "Alan Kay's Dynabook: documentary excerpt", NHK (Japanese) documentary, 2002. Video excerpt at www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzH0hoqqL0I
  Excerpt of Alan Kay discussing (with audience of kids) concept of Dynabook: states had stylus for drawing (no other use), keyboard for input. Paper model.
• [KeefeDF01a] Keefe, Daniel F.; Feliz, Daniel Acevedo; Moscovich, Tomer; Laidlaw, David H.; and LaViola, Joseph L. jr. "CavePainting: A Fully Immersive 3D Artistic Medium and Interactive Experience", Proc. I3D '2001, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2001, pp. 85..94
  Virtual reality VR painting, brushes buckets other objects tracked by flock of birds sensors, user/artist paints in three dimensions, can view work by physically moving around. Ability to replay painting process by timeline. Cites to graspable user interfaces.
• [KeelyLB02a] Keely, Leroy Bertrand Jr.; Young, Douglas Alan; Palay, Andrew James "Pen-Based Interface for a Notepad Computer", US Patent 6,337,698, January 8, 2002
  Highlight/fade-in image of a tool in proximity of a stylus, depending on height in proximity. Or when stylus is in proximity, bring up a pie-menu (pop-up marking menu). Shows rotatable ribbon window with options for editing text, matches rotation of next and maintains relative position. Compare with movable tools of Buxton et al?
• [KentJ01a] Kent, Joel and Ravid, Arie "Projective Capacitive Touchscreen", US Patent 6,297,811, October 2, 2001
  Charge-ratio(?) capacitive touchscreen, single layer of triangular electrodes running full length. Fine wires preferred over ITO. Alternate geometries for triangular/tapered sensor conductors, e.g. zig-zag. Traces with strongest signals determined first. Note on ITO micro-cracking.
• [KentJ02a] Kent, Joel and Wilson, Geoffrey D. "Dual sensor touchscreen utilizing projective capacitive sensors and force sensors", US Patent 6,492,979, December 10, 2002
  X/Y grid touchscreen/tablet sensor, combine capacitive sensor and force-resistor sensor technologies in each sensing point. Alternative is force sensors in the four corners: compare with PadMouse by Microtouch? One use is to reject "false touches": finger vs. stylus? See EP 2261781.
• [KentJ03a] Kent, Joel and Wilson, Geoffrey D. "Dual sensor touchscreen with projective capacitive sensors and force sensors", European Patent EP2261781B1, October 17, 2012
  X/Y grid touchscreen/tablet sensor, combine capacitive sensor and force-resistor sensor in each sensing point. One use is to reject "false touches". Has numerous references to operating in "drag mode". Cites to other dual-sensor tablet/touchscreens, e.g. to recognize stylus and finger independently in one device: multi-touch. US patent co-filings 5,907,327, 6,492,979 date to 1999/2003.
• [KesterW02a] Kester, Walt "Mixed Signal and DSP Design Techniques", Newnes/Elsevier, 2002
  Textbook and reference on DSP digital signal processing, full sections on ADCs and DACs for DSP applications, sampled data systems. Successive-approximation and Sigma-delta ADCs/DACs, real-time digital FFT, finite-impulse response FIR and infinite-impulse response IIR filters, adaptive filters.
• [Kheog01] Kheog, John Michael "Circular Transportation Facilitation Device", Australian Innovation Patent AU 2001100012 A4, May 24, 2001
  Patent (under Australian IP law) for the Wheel. Patent application made to point out difficulties in examination standards of new Australian patent law. Granted, later retracted. Inventor, along with the Australian Patent Office, received an IgNobel award for this patent.
• [KijimaK03a] Kijima, Kanji "Double rotation axis type clam shell phone", European Patent Application EP1335567A1, August 13, 2003
  flip-phone, clam shell rotates 360 degrees into back-to-back on biaxial hinge.
• [KikuchiM01a] Kikuchi, Mami and Akamatsu, Norio "Development of Speedy and High Sensitive Pen System for Writing Pressure and Writer Identification", Proc. ICDAR '01, pp 1040..1044, September 2001
  Tip-force (pressure) measurement in inking pen using variable-inductive coil at top end with spring loading. Compare with Walcom (not cited)?
• [KimS01a] Kim, Si-han "Portable display device having and expandable screen", US Patent 6,262,785, July 17, 2001
  Portable computer (laptop/clamshell style) with fold out dual-display screen, horizontal or vertical 180-degree hinge. Shown with stylus/touchscreen.
• [KimS02a] Kim, Steven and Kim, Daeil "Method of Forming Indium Tin Oxide Thin film using Magnetron Negative Ion Sputter Source", US Patent 6,383,345, May 7, 2002
  ITO resistivity depends on doping. Resistivity given as 2x10-4 ohm/cm (bulk resistivity, not sheet resistance).
• [KinoH02a] Kino, Hisayuki; Sanada, Kobe; Yamanaka, Kiyokau; and Kawahara, Chihiro "Graphical User Interface Apparatus with Improved Layout of Menu Items", US Patent 6,469,719, October 22, 2002
  Automatic layout of pop-up menu in user interface to fit designated/limited area of display. Abbreviate words, reduce font size, automatic layout. Compare with automatic layout in Wang "The Guide", automatic layout in PenPoint?
• [KinrotO02a] Kinrot, Opher; Kinrot, Uri; and Lederer, Gilad "Optical Translation Measurement", US Patent 6,424,407, July 23, 2002
  Motion detection (not absolute position) using laser light source and speckle pattern of surface, detect with diffraction grating to measure movement of speckle pattern. Part of OTM digital pen/tablet technology? Does not require any particular pattern on the surface.
• [KiralyJ01a] Kiraly, Jozsef and Dobler, Ervin "Method and System for Gesture Category Recognition an Training using a Feature Vector", US Patent 6,249,606, June 19, 2001
  Trainable gesture recognition and command definition for mouse gestures, or any cursor positioning / cursor directing devices (tablet, touchpad, finger pad, stylus, etc.). Slide-to-unlock?
• [KiuchiS03a] Kiuchi, Shinya; Ikeda, Jun; Ojima, Shuichi; Hirashima, Tsuyoshi; Hata, Ryouta; and Kagami, Kenichi "Mobile terminal device", US Patent Application 2003/0124991 A1, July 3, 2003
  Fold-up mobile terminal (flip-phone, laptop, tablet), single or double-axis hinge, single-axis hinge folds back 270 degrees for freestanding turnover-preventing posture. Frame mode for hinge. Same as Hata 2003 Japanese?
• [KiyoyukiF02a] Kiyoyuki, Fujiwara "Notebook-sized information processor and method for controlling the same / Notebook-sized information processor and the control method thereof", Japanese Patent Application JP2002258982, September 13, 2002
  Notebook/laptop computer, hinge rotatable by 360 degrees into touch panel/tablet mode, display inverted and keyboard and other input inhibited/disabled in tablet mode according to angle of rotation. Angle detected by hinge/panel sensor. Dual-axis hinge, referred to as "intermediate hinge". Inverts display (compare portrait/landscape) based on hinge angle. Preset angle thresholds can be change, configured for different system actions (e.g. launch/pre-launch application -- as laptop is opened towards tablet mode, invert display, power off / power management). Two-axis hinge, one option is two angle sensors, add them together to get total folding angle.
• [KlatzkyRL03a] Klatzky, Roberta L.; Lederma, Susan J. and Langseth, Sara "Watching a Cursor Distorts Haptically Guided Reproduction of Mouse Movement", Jnl. Exp. Psych: Applied, Vol 9 No 4, 2003, pp. 228-235
  If visual feedback in cursor movement does not match haptic feedback/feel, it throws user dragging performance off, even with practice, even if users are forewarned.
• [KlemmerSR01a] Klemmer, Scott R.; Newman, Mark W.; Farrell, Ryan; Bilezikjian, Mark; and Landay, James A. "The Designer's Outpost: A Tangible Interface for Collaborative Web Site Design", Proc. UIST '01, Orlando, Florida, 2001
  Early stages of web design (like other graphical user interfaces) dominated by paper sketches of pages and links between pages. DENIM mock-up Paper post-it notes placed on whiteboard touchscreen / computer vision, used as tangible object (electronic lines, tap to get pop-up context menu, move post-it to change position). Physical post-it note can be replaced by electronic representation. Gestures include drawing relationship links between notes. Multiple electronic pens (color).
• [KnaapiM01a] Knaapi, Matti; Saaren-Seppälä and Vuoristo, Kalle "Method for organizing and presenting visual information on a computer screen", US Patent 6,222,543, April 24, 2001
  Automatic layout of graphical objects, user-interface elements. Compare to PenApps? Compare with Wobbrock.
• [KnoxPK01a] Knox, Paul Keith "System for dynamic configuration of an input device by downloading an input device layout from server if the layout is not already display on the input device", US Patent 6,301,626, October 9, 2001
  Download variable soft-keyboard / virtual keyboard layout if not already present on touchscreen device. Downloaded configuration may include executable code (e.g. Java, javascript). User can select keyboard layout (e.g. rotator selector).
• [KobataH01a] Kobata, Hiroshi; Gagne, Robert A. Jr.; and Tonchev, Theodore C. "Automatic system for Dynamic Diagnosis and Repair of Computer Configurations", US Patent 6,170,065, January 2, 2001
  Deliver scripted diagnostic/update package to remote computer over internet (e-Parcel), includes inventory of hardware/software on the remote computer.
• [KobataH01b] Kobata, Hiroshi and Gagne, Robert A. Jr. "Hybrid electronic mail and electronic parcel delivery system", PCT patent application WO0182552A2, April 23, 2001
  Electronic file/package delivery (e-Parcel: Atabok, Inc) integrated with e-mail delivery and user interface. E-parcel protocol handles larger files than e-mail attachments. Compare with large-file delivery systems?
• [KobataH02a] Kobata, Hiroshi and Gagne, Robert "Controlling and Managing Digital Assets", US Patent Application 2002/0077986 A1, June 20, 2002
  Remote management of digital assets, including dynamic DRM (e-Parcel). Compare with DRM attribute certificates?
• [KobataH03a] Kobata, Hiroshi and Gagne, Robert "Method and apparatus for preventing unauthorized copying and distributing of electronic messages transmitted over a network", US Patent Application 2003/0221128 A1, November 27, 2003
  Remote management of digital messages/files/assets, including dynamic DRM (e-Parcel). Compare with DRM attribute certificates, E-License?
• [KoelschM02a] Kölsch, Mathias and Turk, Matthew "Keyboards without Keyboards: A Survey of Virtual Keyboards", UCSB Tech. Rpt. 2002-21, July 12, 2002
  Broad review of virtual keyboards / text input. Includes speech recognition, handwriting recognition, ASL sign language. Keyboard touch typing speed about 50 WPM, handwriting on paper 30 WPM, speech and ASL 250 WPM. Visual pointing panel (accessibility), finger-joint angle wearable keypad, Thumbcode touch data glove, FingeRing (see), multi-point (multi-touch) touchpad from DSI Datotech Systems, projected keyboard image, Senseboard (see).
• [KohtakeN01a] Kohtake, Naohiko; Rekimoto, Jun; and Anzai, Yuichiro "InfoPoint: A Device that Provides a Uniform User Interface to Allow Appliances to Work Together over a Network", Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 2001, Vol 5 pp. 264..274, Springer-Verlag
  Drag-and-drop from one display to another (or from printed material to display/computer) using pointing wand with CCD camera to recognize 2D-matrix bar codes. Small display on hand-held unit to confirm "get" (pick) operation.
• [KomerskaR02a] Komerska, Rick; Ware, Colin; and Plumlee, Matthew "Haptic Interface for Center-of-Workspace Interaction", Proc. 10th Symp. On Haptic Interfaces For Virtual Envir. and Teleoperator Systems (HAPTICS/02), 2002
  Virtual 3D controls for visualizing oceanographic data: pitch, yaw, roll, position. Graphical widgets look like physical tools (handles, levers, etc.) and behave as such when clicked on with a mouse. Show proxy for mouse in 3D graphical environment: when cursor close to virtual tool, snap-to attraction (compare: gravity in virtual environment). Haptic feedback/constraints via PHaNTOM hardware? Dragging feedback force to simulate mass/weight. To reach objects far away, zoom out, drag them to the center of the workspace, zoom back in. Learning time is minimized if graphical object looks like and behaves like familiar physical object (e.g. a handle).
• [Korg02a] Korg Inc., Japan "Kaoss Pad KP2 Owner's Manual", Korg Inc., Japan, 2002
  Owner's/user manual for touchscreen dynamic effect / controller audio controller. Appears to use touchpad as 2D fader controller. Touch pad operations can be recorded (i.e. as macros). for playback. Describes MIDI messages from touchpad and other control inputs: X-axis, Y-axis, X+Y-ais.
• [KramerA01a] Kramer, Alan and Brady, James "Scanning capacitive semiconductor fingerprint detector", US Patent 6,317,508, November 13, 2001
  Capacitive fingerprint sensor array. Sensor is smaller than size of fingerprint, full image constructed by moving finger across sensor -- therefore detects motions of finger print regions. Compare to multi-touch tracking of finger touches on touchscreen?
• [KramerA02a] Kramer, Alan "Capacitive semiconductor user input device", US Patent 6,408,097, June 18, 2002
  Capacitive fingerprint scanner used as input device instead of touchscreen: detects motion of image for swipe gesture input. Pressure detected by widening of fingerprint ridges: compare with contact area? Tap timeout threshold for mouse click.
• [KrishnanRC02a] Krishnan, Ravi C. "Cluster Key Arrangement", US Patent 6,377,685, April 23, 2002
  Telephone-style keypad with additional functions at side of main buttons. Cites to reduced keyboards, touchscreen reduced keyboards/keypads, roller space bar. Uses signal strength on adjacent keys (pressure). Extended discussion of touchpads, PDAs: virtual on-screen keyboards. Compare with marking menus, Kaplow?
• [KrugerR03a] Kruger, Russell; Carpendale, Sheelagh; Scott, Stacey D.; and Greenberg, Sauls "How People Use Orientation on Tables: Comprehension, Coordination and Communication", Proc. GROUP '03, November 9-12, 2003, Sanibel Island, Florida, pp. 369-378
  Rotation necessary in tabletop touch display surfaces: Cafe' Table, InteracTable, ConnecTable, InfoTable. Rotation can be done by user via gesture, direct manipulation etc. or automatic (e.g. as user drags virtual object to their location).
• [KuE01a] Ku, Edmond; Huang, Richard; Schlee, Jenny; Morenstein, Joshua; and Schiefer, Sonja "Apparatus and method for connecting and articulating display in a portable computer having multiple display orientations", US Patent 6,266,236, July 24, 2001
  Portable laptop computer with display on two arms attached to middle of side of display: display can be flipped over for presentation mode. Also tablet/pen/stylus mode as tablet computer, with virtual keyboard. Easel.
• [KungST03a] Kung, Shao-Tsu "Touch Screen Using Pressure to Control the Zoom Ratio", US Patent 6,567,102, May 20, 2003
  Force/pressure-sensitive touchscreen, force used to control zoom ratio and zoom area. Compare with Buxton pressure levels?
• [KurasawaK03a] Kurasaw, Katsuhiro; Kurashima, Shigemi; and Shimizu, Shinkichi "Input Tablet", Japanese Patent JP3464306, November 10, 2003
  Resistive film touchscreen with anisotropic sheet resistance by patterning film with rectangles. Also vary sheet resistance by thickness, width of traces. Compare with Kable?
• [KuriharaM02a] Kurihara, Mikio; Karube, Satoshi; and Kanzaki, Eisuke "System for Accessing a Large Number of Menu Items using a Zoned Menu Bar", US Patent 6,476,787, November 5, 2002
  Integration of fingerprint recognition into touchscreen.
• [KurtenbachG02a] Kurtenbach, Gordon and Fitzmaurice, George W. "System for Accessing a Large Number of Menu Items using a Zoned Menu Bar", US Patent 6,414,700, July 2, 2002
  Pop-up context menus (variation on pie menus and marking menus), menu is brought up by pointing with cursor and pressing space bar or other key on keyboard. Avoids use of press and hold. Note: press-and-hold counterexample, not tied to right mouse button. Filing date 1998.
• [KurtenbachGP03a] Kurtenbach, Gordon P. "Method and Apparatus for Producing, Controlling, and Displaying Menus", US Patent 6,618,063, September 9, 2003
  Pop-up radial marking menu combined with linear menu, menu is brought up by pointing with cursor and pressing space bar or other key on keyboard. Avoids use of press and hold. Note: press-and-hold.
• [KuzunukiS01a] Kuzunuki, Soshiro; Aral, Toshifumi; Kitamura, Tadaaki; and Shojima, Hiroshi "Information Processing System", US Patent 6,266,057, July 24, 2001
  Wellner-like SmartDesk/DataDesk tabletop touchscreen user interface combining virtual documents and physical documents (electronic and paper). Compare with Wang Freestyle, e.g. stacking of papers/objects.
• [Kyocera01a] Kyocera Wireless Corp. "Kyocera Smartphone Series: Your Palm Powered wireless solution", Kyocera Wireless Corp, 2001
  Palm PDA smartphone. Electronic ink notes during a call.
• [LakeM01a] Lake, Matt "Lifting the Cover of those Ubiquitous Touch Screens", New York Times, Thursday March 15, 2001, page G7 top
  Resistive overlay screens, capacitive overlay digitizers, scanning infrared touch screens, surface acoustic wave SAW. Overview of resistive film for PDAs such as Palm.
• [LamAHF02a] Lam, Alan H.F.; Li, Wen J.; Liu, Yunhui and Xi, Ning "MIDS: Micro Input Devices System Using MEMS Sensors", Proc. 2002 IEEE/RSJ Int'l. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland, October 2002, pp. 1184..1189
  MEMS accelerometers used as motion sensors in finger rings (compare: DataGlove) as 3D user input device. Sensing of clicking and drawing motions/gestures. Mentions Braille-based (single hand: compare) typing. Cites to SenseBoard.
• [LandauS01a] Lanau, Steven and Gourgey, Karen "Development of a Talking Tactile Tablet", Information Technology and Disabilities E-Journal, vol 7 no 2, 2001
  Tactile tablet with tactile overlays (compare: braille-emboss), educational aid.
• [LandayJA01a] Landay, James A. and Myers, Brad A. "Sketching Interfaces: Toward More Human Interface Design", IEEE Computer, March 2001, pp. 56-64
  Overview of Sketch recognition systems for designing UIs: SILK (Sketching Interfaces Like Krazy), Electronic Cocktail Napkin, Etchapad. Unprocessed electronic ink images can be animated to try out the interactions of the user interface. Silk: rub-out/squiggle, lasso/group, unistroke X, spiral and caret gestures.
• [LanduaS03a] Landua, Steven and Wells, Lesley "Merging Tactile Sensory Input and Audio Data by Means of The Talking Tactile Tablet", Proc. Eurohaptics '03, 2003, Dublin, Ireland, pp. 414..418
  Audio touch tablet user interface for the blind, example is geography teaching applications. A fixed tactile map is placed on a touch sensitive tablet (not specified, but perhaps capacitive since it must send through the map paper). Computer gives different responses or software for the same touch areas: for example, user touches on a country in a (tactile) map for software about where different animals live, or the names of the countries, etc. Tactile == static haptics?
• [LaplantePA01a] Laplante, Phillip A. "CRC Dictionary of Computer Science, Engineering, and Technology", CRC Press, 2001 (hardcopy book)
  Technical Dictionary of computer terms.
• [LapstunP02a] Lapstun, Paul; Silverbrook, Kia; and King, Tobin Allen "Universal Pen with Code Sensor", US Patent 6,474,888, November 5, 2002
  Pen with multiple features. Marking properties: can write in different colors, line widths or patterns (e.g. dotted lines) based on control buttons on pen. Also an optical camera for reading an encoded pattern or images on the paper -- cites to earlier "netpage" application (Compare with Anoto?), or motion information (compare with Hewitt Crane?). Very long list of co-pending applications. Cites to Dymetman.
• [LarsenFK02a] Larsen, Flemming Klovborg "User Interface for a Radio Telephone", US Patent 6,363,259, March 26, 2002
  Cellphone with soft function keys, function of button is displayed on screen. Optionally buttons can be virtual buttons on touchscreen. Rocker switch/button for scrolling.
• [LeeJC01a] Lee, Jin-chul "Software Keyboard System Using Trace of Stylus on a Touch Screen and Method for Recognizing Key Code Using the Same", US Patent 6,292,179, September 18, 2001
  Virtual keyboard using strokes to select different characters Compare with Buxton95 and implementation in WardJR96.
• [LeeJM03a] Lee, Jaime M.; Wagner, Christopher R.; Lederman, S.J.; and Howe, Robert D. "Spatial Low Pass Filters for Pin Actuated Tactile Displays", Proc. HAPTICS '03 11th Symp. on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems, 2003, pp. 57..62
  Haptic/tactile display for 2.5D / 3D object, raisable pins under rubber/elastomeric cover, rubber cover acts as low-pass spatial filter to round out the display.
• [LeeperAK02a] Leeper, A. K. "Integration of a Clear Capacitive Touch Screen with a 1/8-VGA FSTNLCD to form an LCD-based TouchPad", SID 02 Digest, 2002. pp. 187-189
  Synaptics ClearPad transparent touchscreen/tablet over small LCD display as an "enhanced" touchpad for a laptop: can show calculator buttons, app launcher buttons, clock, dialog boxes, etc. Compare with Kaplow dynamically reconfigurable keyboard. ClearPad functionality like Synaptics TouchPad, X/Y grid of conductors, junctions form capacitive sensors. Can detect multiple fingers (multi-touch), indirectly measure force from area of contact with finger. Base reference measurement of capacitance. Unlike resistive screen, cPad adhered to entire display surface: new methods required for alignment, bubble-free adhesion, delamination.
• [Lemelson02a] Business Wire "Cognex Wins Appeal in Lemelson Lawsuit; Ruling Allows Cognex to Introduce the Doctrine of Prosecution Laches to Bar Enforcement of Lemelson Patents", Business Wire, January 31, 2002
  Patent defence: Cognex wins right to assert Laches (excessive delay in bringing claim) in patent lawsuit regarding machine vision (Cognex pattern/OCR recognition) brought by Lemelson.
• [LeoCK02a] Leo, Che King "Contact and Free-Gesture Tracking for Large Interactive Surfaces", Master's Thesis, EECS, M.I.T., June 2002
  Responsive Window: acoustic detection of touches/taps on tabletop surface.
• [Leszynski01a] Leszynski Group "Summaries of Recent Projects: Tablet PC PowerToys / Snipping Tool", Leszynski Group, www.leszynski.com, 2001
  Snipping Tool applet for Tablet PC of Microsoft: clips desktop image (or window) and allows it to be annotated with electronic ink. Compare with Freestyle. Also InkShortcut (compare with PenCept recognition macros) mapping gestures to application's custom action, shape and symbol recognition, electronic ink indexing based on "perceptual" similarity of shapes: Emotive shape guides (e.g. write a sad or happy face mark).
• [LeungWK02a] Leung, Wing-Keung "Method of touch control of an input device and such a device", US Patent 6,388,655, May 14, 2002
  Circular "touch pad" with curved/domed surface, four force transducers / strain gauges underneath to determine position by triangulation. Force actuator under center of dome for haptic/tactile feedback. Mentions "dead band" in force levels: a minimum-touch-pressure threshold?
• [LeventhalJ01a] Leventhal, Jay and Earl, Crista "Screen Readers and Speech Interfaces on the Internet automatically label graphics", Summary of meeting session on AFB testing of screen readers: Proc. CSUN 2001
  Screen Readers Tested: JAWS for Windows, Freedom Scientific, Inc. outSPOKEN for Windows, Alva Access Group. Window Bridge, Syntha-Voice computers, Inc. Window-Eyes, GW Micro, Inc. WinVision, Artic Technologies International. Automatic labelling of graphics included in test criteria.
• [LevyKL02a] Levy, Kenneth L. "Using Embedded Data with File Sharing", US Patent Application 20020052885, May 2, 2002
  Embedding data (attached) to files to identify, show provenance/source, untampered. Interface to central server for sharing/access rights, purchase. States watermarks cannot be read until a file is decrypted.
• [LewisJ03a] Lewis, Josh "Invasion of the iPod People", Josh Lewis Blog, October 13, 2003, Fetch 2016: http://blog.joshlewis.org/2003/10/13/invasion-of-the-ipod-people
  iPod touchscreen with scroll-wheel designed for use with one hand while walking, doing other things. Advantageous over click and scroll-barrel interfaces.
• [Lexicus02a] Lexicus Division of Motorola "iTAP Predictive Text Input Technology: Technical Paper", Lexicus Engineering Team of Motorola, Hong Kong, 2002
  Keypad (phone keypad) predictive text input using dictionary to match words to input from keypad, instead of multiple taps to select individual characters.
• [LiCY03a] Li, Chia-Yen and Bottari, Frank "Scratch resistant display and method of making same using homeotrophic liquid crystal silanes", US Patent 6,504,582, January 7, 2003
  Flexible, transparent scratch-resistant protective layer on touchscreen, capacitive pressure/force-sensing touchscreen with compressible layer, deformable conductive layer.
• [LickerMD03a] Licker, Mark D. "McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering, Second Edition", McGraw-Hill, 2003
  Dictionary of engineering terms.
• [LickerMD03b] Licker, Mark D. "McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th Edition", McGraw-Hill, 2003 (hardcopy book)
  Dictionary of scientific and technical terms.
• [LiebenowFW01a] Liebenow, Frank W. "Computer keyboard display device control", US Patent 6,323,873, November 27, 2001
  Computer keyboard control of display (brightness, contrast, etc.) via computer BIOS, independent of operating system functions, or custom hardware in keyboard: BIOS only reads scan codes.
• [LinWC02a] Lin, Wen-Cheng "Portable computer with an LCD which can be rotated within 360 degrees", US Patent 6,493,216, December 10, 2002
  Portable computer/PDA with clam shell, rotates 360 degrees into back-to-back on biaxial hinge. Prior art section shows 270-degree single-axis hinge.
• [Lincenturion01a] Full Licenses GmbH "Inside Windows Product Activation", Whitepaper, http://www.lincenturion.com, Fully Licensed GmbH, July 2001
  Analysis of Windows Product Activation using encrypted fingerprinting of hardware configuration of PC. Note: Hidden cryptographic key used to block re-compiling of source code tool.
• [LlamasI03a] Llamas, Ignacio; Kim, Byungmoon; Gargus, Joshua; Rossignac, Jarek; and Shaw, Chris D. "Twister: A Space-Warp Operator for the Two-Handed Editing of 3D Shapes", Proc. SIGGRAPH '03, San Diego, California, July 27..31, 2003, pp. 663.668
  3D two-handed UI user interface for manipulating and shaping virtual objects (like clay), uses two rigid 6DOF sensors in each hand (Polhemus 3D tracker). Allows space warping, twisting to shape objects. Separate button to "freeze" object to allow repositioning of hands.
• [LongAC01a] Long, A. Chris; Landay, James A.; and Rowe, Lawrence A. "quill: A Gesture Design Tool for Pen-Based User Interfaces", Paper submitted for publication, based on PhD dissertation with same title at UC Berkeley, 2001
  User-defined/trainable gestures, with automatic system to tell defining user when gestures are similar/confusible, or may have other problems such as poor training set. Cites to other gesture system (Sensiva, KGesture, Opera web browser) for use with applications that are not gesture-aware: compare with PenCept recognition macros. Only single-stroke/unistroke gestures.
• [LongAC01b] Long, A. Chris; Landay, James A.; and Rowe, Lawrence A. ""Those Look Similar!" Issues in Automating Gesture Design Advice", Proc. PUI 2001, Orlando, Florida pp. 1..6
  User-defined/trainable gestures, with automatic system to tell defining user when gestures are similar/confusible, or may have other problems such as poor training set. Cut/CopyPaste gestures like caret, insert and pig-tail. Refers to gestures as location-independent user interface components (whiteboard?).
• [LongRE02a] Long, Ross Eugene III "Animal Toy", US Patent 6,360,693, March 26, 2002
  Patent on stick for playing fetch with a dog. Compare with Abraham Lincoln patent?
• [LuJ03a] Lu, Jin "Multi-point Touch Pad", US Patent Application 2003/0085882, May 8, 2003
  Array/matrix of strain gauges for multi-touch touchpad, asserts that arrays of touch sensors alone will register nothing if the point of contact is between the touch sensors (not true for capacitive sensors in general).
• [LuckieD02a] Luckie, D. "Newton Hall of Fame", www.msu.edu/~luckie/halloffame.htm, 2002
  Biographical information of major personalities in Apple Newton development team: Steve Capps (Finder), Walter Smith (NewtonScript, a.k.a. WallyScript), John Sculley, Michael Tchao ("Apple had been working for years on slate computers that read handwriting"), Stepan Pachkov, Larry Yaeger (Cursive Recognizer). See also 2010 version.
• [LudwigLF03a] Ludwig, Lester Frank "Tactile, visual, and array controllers for real-time control of music signal processing, mixing, video, and lighting (High parameter-count touchpad controller)", US Patent 6,570,078, May 27, 2003
  Electronic music keyboard with touchpad keys for multi-dimensional control, instrument synthesis: detection of angle yaw/pitch/roll/rotate gesture by analyzing changes in blob shape of a fingertip, hand, etc. (multi-touch): pressure-sensitive sensor array. Sequence of "postures" of hand/figures (rotate, roll, twist, etc.) recognized as "gestures". Compare with Rekimoto touchscreen, piezoresistive touchpads. Related patents in file, e.g. 8,717,303, 8,743,076, 8,866,785, 8,878,810. Pressure/force input to determine sizing.
• [LudwigLF03b] Ludwig, Lester Frank "Activity indication external source and processing loop provisions for driven vibrating-element environments", US Patent 6,610,917, August 26, 2003
  Electronic input enhancements for musical instruments: e.g. touchpad keys for multi-dimensional control, instrument synthesis: detection of angle yaw/pitch/roll/rotate (gestures) by analyzing changes in blob shape of a fingertip (multi-touch): pressure-sensitive sensor array. Compare with Rekimoto touchscreen, piezoresistive touchpads. Related patents in file, e.g. 8,717,303, 8,743,076, 8,866,785, 8,878,810.
• [LuethiM02a] Luethi, Marco and Semini, Claudio "FingerMouse 2", Semesterarbeit Institut für Elektronik, ETH, Switzerland, July 5, 2002
  (in German) Improvements to FingerMouse -- video-based real-time hand/finger tracking system for wearable computers. Difference images to detect moving hand (or other objects).
• [LuiCE03a] Lui, Charlton E.; Chew, Chee, and Altman, Dan W. "Adaptive auto-scrolling merge for hand written input", US Patent 6,559,869, May 6, 2003
  Automatic scrolling/positioning of electronic ink in a small display to simulate longer paper. When user had finished writing on last (blank) line of lined electronic note paper, automatically scroll to show a new blank line at the bottom.
• [LuiCE03b] Lui, Charlton E.; Parker, Kathryn L. and Altman, Dan W. "System and method for automatically switching between writing and text input modes", US Patent 6,552,719 April 22, 2003
  SIP Soft input panel for handwriting input switches input to text / handwriting recognition mode, versus writing/drawing or ink-editing/gesture mode: says automatic, but user must switch modes by clicking/tapping on SIP input mode icon.
• [LuigiL03a] Luigi, Lira "Controlling content Display", PCT Patent Application WO 03/081458 A1, October 2, 2003
  Automatically reformat Web page layout for small display (including portable touchscreen device): convert single column to multiple columns, or vice versa. Also highlight multiple rectangular portions/windows that user can click on for zoomed view. Compare to AppLens? Scrolling may be multiplied or animated (smooth scrolling) in X and in Y.
• [LumelskyVJ01a] Lumelsky, Vladimir J.; Shur, Michael S.; and Wagner, Sigurd "Sensitive Skin", IEEE Sensors Journal vol 1 no 1, June, 2001, pp. 41..51
  Survey / workshop summary for large area flexible tactile sensors, primarily for robotics. Printing of silicon and thin film MEMS sensors in array on flexible substrates e.g. thin steel sheets, photoconductive arrays/matrix/mesh.
• [LuoW01a] Luo, Wenjun and Lusher, Elaine P. "System and method using a palm sized computer to control network devices", US Patent 6,216,158, April 10, 2001
  PDA to control network devices: download code as needed, PDA can be used to control applications on server. Compare to Wang PDA project with Gene Nelson?
• [LusseyD01a] Lussey, David "Polymer Composition", US Patent 6,291,568, September 18, 2001
  Elastomeric conductive rubber: resistance decreases under pressure to that of conductor bridges of filler material. Composition has accelerated elastic return to original state. Sensitivity to match human touch on touchscreen.
• [LynchL03a] Lynch, Larry; Flowers, Mark; Conroy, Dave; Musolf, Tom; and Marggraff, James "Print Media Receiving Unit including Platform and Print Media", US Patent 6,668,156, December 23, 2003
  Desktop holder: Refalo-style desktop holder for books, printed material. Mechanical design is intended to hold printed pages in very precise position for accurate alignment for digitizer. Electromagnetic or other digitizer in holder, so that user can point to things in the book. Cites to educational devices e.g. speak-n-spell.
• [MacKayDJC03a] MacKay, David J.C. "Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms", Cambridge University Press, 2003
  Text on information theory: Monte Carlo sampling, clustering/marginalization, noise/signal encoding for noisy channels, neural networks, parity and digital fountains codes.
• [MacKenzieIS01a] MacKenzie, I. Scott; Kauppinen, Tatu; and Silfverberg, Miika "Accuracy measures for evaluating computer pointing devices", Proc. CHI 2001, March 31 .. April 5, 2001, pp. 9..16
  Comparison of user errors (not device bad behaviors) for mouse, joystick, touchpad, trackball. Tracking movement, line drawing, pointing to target. Not much analysis of causes: does not mention visual parallax, etc.
• [MacKenzieIS02a] MacKenzie, I. Scott and Soukoreff, R. William "Text Entry for Mobile Computing: Models and Methods, Theory and Practice", Human-Computer Interaction, Vol 17, 2002, pp. 147..198
  Comprehensive review of text-entry techniques for mobile computing / hand-held PDAs. Soft/virtual keyboards, keypads with modes, handwriting recognition, gesture-based text input (Graffiti), predictive input with word lists and word dictionaries, language prediction, editing processes. HP95LX as palm-top computer with clamshell as first PDA 1991. Physical small QWERTY keyboard. Cites to GridPad, Momenta, Poquet, PenPad, Apple Newton MessagePad, not to PenPoint. Crosspad tablet with deferred/delayed handwriting recognition. Marking/pie-menu text input (Cirrin, not Buxton).
• [MacLeanKE02a] MacLean, Karon E.; Shaver, Michael J.; Pai, Dinesh K. "Handheld Haptics: A USB Media Controller with Force Sensing", Proc. HAPTICS '02, 10th Symp. on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
  Hand-held haptic "display", accelerometer and sideways thumb-wheel input, single actuator for output, with USB interface. Initial experimental systems include video editing, visual browsing.
• [MacLovers02] MacLovers.com "Apple Antiquariato", www.maclovers.com/antiquariato/hello29.htm (in Italian), 2002
  Apple Knowledge Navigator: cited by Ard02 as part of pen-computing history. Apple Newton 1993, Apple Message Pad 1996, Apple eMate (no tablet/handwriting recognition?).
• [MackayWE02a] Mackay, Wendy E.; Pothier, Guillaume; Letondal, Catherine; Boegh, Kaare; and Sorensen, Hans Erik "The Missing Link: Augmenting Biology Laboratory Notebooks", Proc. UIST '02, October 27..30, 2002, Paris, pp. 41..50
  Physical writing in notebook (ink annotations, notes "linking" data to references) superior to plain data entry (portable, flexible, feature-rich): cites paperless office as a myth. Research project on augmented laboratory notebook using graphics table (under paper) and PDA (for access to external links) as interaction lens / data lens between physical and electronic documents. Prototype uses CrossPad tablet: Mentions Anoto as future direction for portability. Gestures: underline text of printed URL to link to internet documents. Data model is multi-layer XML: pre-printed page, electronic ink, "pasted" graphics. Cites to Toolglass and Magic Lenses.
• [MahoneyJV02a] Mahoney, James V. and Fromherz, Markus P.J. "Three main concerns in sketch recognition and an approach to addressing them", Proc. AAAI 2002 Spring Symposium Extended Abstracts, March 25..27, 2002, Stanford CA, pp. 105..112
  Problems of sketch recognition are incomplete and misaligned vertices creating missing or bogus segments, drawing variability, and learning schemes for learning models. Examples are stick figures, classified to body part.
• [MakeBarcode03a] makebarcode.com "Barcode Basics: Barcode symbologies and Label Standards", www.makebarcode.com, fetched 2003
  Standards list for bar codes: Numeric-only, Alphanumeric, 2-Dimensional barcodes, industry and government standards.
• [MaltoniD03a] Maltoni, Davide; Mao, Dario; Jain, Anil K.; and Prabhakar, Salil "Hanbook of fingerprint recognition, 1st ed.", Springer Verlag, 2003
  Reference and textbook on fingerprint recognition, especially automatic recognition of fingerprints for biometric authentication. Distinguishes between verification and identification. Classification of biometric characteristics as: universality, distinctiveness, permanence, collectability. Classification of systems by: performance, acceptability, and ease of circumvention. Citation to other biometric measures: ear shape, facial recognition, facial thermogram, hand thermogram, hand veins, hand geometry (other body parts), iris, retinal pattern, signature, voice. Classification of processing errors to devices and phases. (See also 2nd edition.)
• [MartinDA02a] Martin, David A. "Projection Display System with Pressure Sensing at Screen, and Computer Assisted Alignment Implemented by Applying Pressure at Displayed Calibration Marks", US Patent 6,337,681, January 8, 2002
  Whiteboard system using an LCD projection display with a touch-screen digitizer. Multiple pens/stylus, eraser. Describes four-point quadrilateral calibration for projected image with digitizer to compensate for projection distortion (keystone), same method used by PenCept and CIC for aligning paper to digitizer. Correct for misalignment of digitizer and image. See also 5,448,263.
• [MascaroS01a] Mascaro, Stephen and Asada, H. Harry "Finger Posture and Shear Force Measurement using Fingernail Sensors: Initial Experimentation", Proc. 2001 IEEE Int'l. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, Seoul, Korea, May 21..26, 2001, pp. 1857..1862
  Sensor for fingertip-force when touching, using change in coloration on fingernail, rather than sensor glove between fingertip and surface. Combined with video/camera tracking system (using motion-capture dots) on finger (compare with Digital Desk?).
• [MathewsCF03a] Mathews, Craig Forrest "Absolute Beginner's Guide to Tablet PCs", Que Publishing, 2003
  Extended guide to using Microsoft Tablet PC: mentions barrel button / side switch and eraser buttons on stylus, and controls to disable. press and hold behavior can be disabled if awkward for user, or user can select side switch or press and hold. Refers to cross-functional pen styli that can also leave ink: compare with Summagraphics in 1970s. SIP Start Input Panel gesture is "shake" in proximity. Backspace (left), space (right), enter (down right), tab (up right), scratch-out gestures. Denim sketch recognition for designing web sites from Berkeley Institute for Design. Gesture shortcuts (compare with PenCept recognition macros) via Sensiva Symbol Commander -- special gesture set reminiscent of Jot/Unistroke. (Note: http://Leszynski.com did Tablet PC Power Toys in 2002) and other third-party products, e.g. sheet music editing with gestures, journal. Multiple business examples: Salesperson, purchasing, real estate sales and mortgage applications, insurance adjuster -- with signature capture. View Mode button to switch dynamically portrait/landscape orientation (secondary inverted). Separate stylus/tablet calibration for orientations (visual parallax?).
• [MathewsMV01a] Mathews, Max V. "Baton and X, Y, Z position sensor", US Patent 6,222,522, April 24, 2001
  3D digitizer, transmitters in ends of baton (stylus), X/Y position determined from capacitive coupling to tablet surface with charge-ratio electrodes (triangular vs. width varying). Z position determined from total (absolute) coupling to sensors. "Baton" for use in musical instrument application: multiple batons/styli (multi-touch). Compare with charge-ratio tablets?
• [MatoSA01a] Mato, Stephan A. Jr. "Capacitive Sensing Keyboard and Pointing Device", US Patent 6,204,839, March 20, 2001
  Capacitive membrane keyboard combined with capacitive touch-screen / position sensor with proximity sensing. In typing mode, force or stroke velocity of pressing key uses as a gesture to indicate bold, shift/capitalization, italics, other functions with key input (e.g. shift "&" to different character "7"). Proximity sensors are individually wired. In pointing mode senses proximity gestures that can be based on multiple fingers or shape of hand (e.g. held vertical across column).
• [MatsuiN01a] Matsui, Nozomu and Yamamoto, Yoshikazu "A New Input Method of Computers with One CCD Camera: Virtual Keyboard", Proc. INTERACT '01, Intl. Jnl. Human-Computer Interaction, 2009, pp. 678..679
  Single-camera/video detection of finger touches for virtual keyboard, mentions stroke detection: not much detail, detailed references are all in Japanese. Cites to POBox, FingeRing.
• [MatsuishiT03a] Matsuishi, Takuya "Portable Terminal", Japanese Patent Applcation JP2003101619A, April, 2003
  Portable terminal (may be smartphone, PDA, etc.) single-axis hinge opens to 270 degrees. Hinge angle sensor inverts/rotates display. Compare with portrait/landscape mode?
• [MausE01a] Maus, Eugen "Verwendbarkeit des Handschriftenerkennungssystems HESY für Zwecke der Schriftvergleichung", www.desy.de, April 23, 2001
  Whitepaper on commercial signature pad: signature authentification using pressure/force plate. Force sensors at four corners of signature plate, interpolate position of single point of contact, also total force. Shows determination of physical self-resonance of plate when tapped. Cites to De Bruyne "Schreibwaage", piezoelectric, inductive force sensors.
• [MautnerP02a] Mautner, P.; Rohlik, O.; Matousek, V.; and Kempf, J. "Fast Signature Verification Without a Special Tablet", Proc. IWSSIP '02: Int'l Workshop on Systems, Signals and Image Processing No 9, Manchester, UK, July 11, 2001, pp. 496..500
  signature authentification using pen/stylus with X/Y/Z side-force (pressure) sensors. X/Y signals converted to phi and rho polar coordinates. Neural net verification/classifier. Compare with Crane accelerometer pen? (Not cited).
• [Maxim01a] Kelly, Bob "Managing Noise in Cell-Phone Handsets", Maxim Integrated Application Note 668, January 24, 2001
  Cellular-radio transceivers (cell phones) are difficult EMI/noise environment, shielding and filtering would add extra weight, size, heat, cost, and shorten battery life.
• [Maxim01b] Maxim Integrated Products "Tutorial / Application Note 1080: Understanding SAR ADCs: Their Architecture and Comparison with Other ADCs", Maxim Integrated Application Note 1080, October 2, 2001
  successive-approximation-register analog-to-digital converters / ADC. Binary search, capacitive DAC used internally to generate comparison/reference voltage, internal track/hold sample-and-hold.
• [Maxim02a] Maxim Integrated Products "Application Note 1108: Understanding Single-Ended, Pseudo-Differential and Fully-Differential ADC Inputs", Maxim Integrated Application Note 1108, June 14, 2002
  Single-ended, pseudo-differential, and differential ADCs: internal track-and-hold / sample-and-hold. Common-mode noise voltage level should be limited. Differential inputs double signal level. Differential input via transducer (transformer) if high common-mode voltages. Sequential sampling of plus and minus signals as alternative to pseudo-differential input, common mode voltage rejection by subtraction.
• [MaxtedSK02a] Maxted, Sean Kenneth "Pen based edit correction interface method and apparatus", US Patent 6,340,967, January 22, 2002
  Stylus/gesture text editing. Modal interface, but mode is implicit for whether touch/stylus gesture is made within selection (gesture command applied to selection), our outside selection (inking/text input). Punctuation is small circles and small lower-case "g" instead of dot/tap and comma. See also file on Natural Input Solutions.
• [MayGJ03a] May, Gregory J. "Input Device that Allows Multiple Touch Key Input", US Patent Application 2003/1097689 A1, October 23, 2003
  Resistive-sheet touchpad (with spacer dots/glass beads) used for (non-simultaneous-start) multi-touch input for a virtual/soft keyboard. Position of first touch is recorded, a second touch during first touch is determined by remapping resistance/voltage values for changes with second touch. User interface can change key display based on first touch: e.g. shift keys, different menus.
• [MayerM03a] Mayer, Matthias and Bederson, Benjamin B. "Browsing Icons: A Task-based Approach for a Visual Web History", University of Maryland Dept. of Comp. Sci, Report CS-TR-4308, 2009
  Show web browsing history as directed graph ("animation") of all pages visited, not just a single path.
• [McElligottL02a] McElligott, Lisa; Dillon, Michelle; Leydon, Krispin; Richardson, Bruce; Fernström, Mikael; and Pradiso, Joe ""ForSe FIElds" - Force Sensors For Interactive Environments", Proc. UibComp '02, 4th Int'l. Conf. on Ubiquitous Cmputing, Göteborg, Sweden, September 29 .. October 1, 2002
  Force/pressure-sensing tiles for touch-sensitive floor, using conductive carbon particles in elastomeric matrix: "plubber". Coined term "prexels" for sensing points. Message-passing between interlocking tiles, report data by messages passed tile-to-tile. Cites to Paradiso Magic Carpet.
• [McGeeD01a] McGee, David R. and Cohen, Philip R. "Creating Tangible Interfaces by Augmenting Physical Objects with Multimodal Language", Proc. IUI '01, January 14-17, 2001, Sante Fe, new Mexico
  Military command office with expensive electronic whiteboards and information display systems: in actual crisis, staff preferred to use large wall map with post-it notes, because the interfaces were tangible. One factor is that the tangible/physical tools are robust: continued to work when computer systems were not operational.
• [McGeeD02a] McGee, David R.; Cohen, Philip R.; Wesson, R. Matthews; and Horman, Sheilah "Comparing paper and tangible, multimodal tools", SIGCHI, Minneapolis Mn, pp. 407-414, 2002
  In military command posts, officers prefer paper maps, post-it notes, and hand-written annotations to electronic systems. Rasa adds electronic support to existing paper: paper is robust.
• [McGeeMR01a] McGee, Marilyn Rose; Gray, Philip; and Brewster, Stephen "Feeling Rough: Multimode Perception of Virtual Roughness", Proc. Eurohaptics Workshop 2001, U. Birmingham UK, October 15, 2001, pp. 29..33
  Simulation/perception of roughness/texture using PHANToM force-feedback stylus, combined with audio stimulus. Perception of roughness affected by spatial frequency / trough width/spacing.
• [McGuffinM02a] McGuffin, Michael; Burtnyk, Nicolas; and Kurtenbach, Gordone "FaST Sliders: Integrating Marking Menus and the Adjustment of Continuous Values", Proc. Graphics Interface 2002 -- GI '02 -- Calgary, Alberta, Canada, pp. 35-42
  Marking menu brings up slider, release button to start positioning slider, press again to move slider, move laterally to bring up further menu/option. "flicking" gesture as ballistic movement.
• [McPhetersRD02a] McPheters, Robert Douglass "Holographic Control Arrangement", US Patent 6,377,238, April 23, 2002
  Proximity (non-touch) user interface, objects projected holographically. In-air gestures in PenWindows?
• [Measurand02a] Measurand Inc. "Measurand Shape Advantage: Shapetape Manual, Hardware and Software", www.measurand.com, June 17, 2002
  Flexible tape sensor using optical fibers to detect bend and twist configuration of the tape. Integrates bend position along tape. One application is body position (real-time).
• [MehringC03a] Mehring, Carsten "System and Method for Keyboard Independent Touch Typing", US Patent 6,670,894, December 30, 2003
  Flex sensors on hand and fingers (compare with Dataglove?) used for virtual typing -- compare to projected keyboards? Cites to wearable keyboards, keypads.
• [MeinsCL03a] Meins, Charlene L.; Roderick, Jordan M.; and Buhrmann, Michael F. "Personal communicator with flip element display", US Patent 6,587,700, July 1, 2003
  Flip phone with two displays, second display shows labels for functions of keys (e.g. scroll, save, menu) Buttons may be on touchscreen display, voice recognition, power management.
• [MerkleRC01a] Merkle, Ralph C. "Protected Shareware", US Patent 6,330,549, December 11, 2001
  Digital signature on shareware software programs: check both integrity of software (with allowance for dynamic code changes), and authorization message/license. Cites to superdistribution (see references). Compare with Stefik?
• [MetzgerR02a] Metzger, Ram "Pointing Method", US Patent Application 2002/0190946, December 19, 2002
  Point to a location on a screen and enter data there, by typing, voice or other means. Pointing may be by speech input, describing objects on the screen that are then located. Fine positioning by "bouncing" to a kind of object nearly based on input. Coordination of pointing and text cursors.
• [MeunierJL03a] Meunier, Jean-Luc "Coding Scheme for Encoded Sheet Material", US Patent 6,637,666, October 28, 2003
  Printing bar codes or other encoded information on the edges of stacks of paper: cites Dataglyphs as related art. Compare with Sekendur?
• [MicrochipTechnology02a] King, Craig L. "Microchip Application Note AN842: Differential ADC Biasing Techniques, Tips and Tricks", Microchip Techology, 2002
  Design guidelines on differential ADC: solve problems of low level noise riding on ground (DC and low-frequency noise), common mode level changes in signal. Single-ended pseudo-differential operation: connect common mode voltage to negative input, signal to positive input, to subtract common-mode noise. Bias input to put signal in middle of reference voltage range.
• [Microsoft01a] Microsoft Corporation "Remarks by Bill Gates", www.microsoft.com, March 26 2001
  Announcements by Bill Gates at WinHEC 2001: tablet PC is large potential hardware market, tablet PC is breakthrough large market.
• [Microsoft01b] Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Windows User Experience -- Official Guidelines for User Interface Developers and Designers", www.microsoft.com, May 3, 2001
  User interface guidelines for Windows UI, specifically for Windows 98 and Windows 2000. Mentions pen-and-paper mock-ups for UI design. References both press and also hold as mouse actions: pressing is positioning over an object, and then pressing mouse button. TTM_GETDELAYTIME for pop-up context-sensitive windows.
• [Microsoft01c] Microsoft Corporation "Bill Gates MiPad Demo at CES 2001", http://youtube.com, posted 2013
  Demonstration of Microsoft MiPad PDA prototype at CES. Includes voice recognition (compare with Siri).
• [Microsoft01d] Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Product Activiation", http://technet.microsoft.com, August 13, 2001
  Product activation procedures and licensing rules for Microsoft XP using fingerprint / hardware hash, and Product ID key.
• [Microsoft01e] Microsoft Corporation "Technical Details on Microsoft Product Activation for Windows XP", http://technet.microsoft.com, August 13, 2001
  Technical details product activation for Microsoft XP using fingerprint / hardware hash, and Product ID key.
• [Microsoft02a] Microsoft Corporation "Building Ink Chat", http://msdn.microsoft.com, MSDN, April 2002
  Programming example for TabletPC: instant-messaging communications application, appears to be a TabletPC software version of the Telautograph. Compare to whiteboard systems. Electronic ink renders to GIF if electronic ink support not available on the receiving system.
• [Microsoft02b] Microsoft Corporation "MSDN: SDK Documentation for Windows Mobile-Based Pocket PCs: Mobile Device Hardware Review", http://msdn.microsoft.com, MSDN, April 2002
  Hardware description for Pocket PC: resistive touch-panel digitizer. States that touch-panel input is mouse messages, 100 Pts/sec digitizer rate.
• [Microsoft02c] Microsoft Corporation "Die Geschichte des Pen Computing", Microsoft Corp. press release, November 11, 2002, available at https://www.microsoft.com/germany/presseservice
  Mentions RAND-tablet (Grafacon) and Ivan Sutherland "Sketchpad" as first pen computers Hewette Crane 1964 input styluses (which see: without tablet, used accelerometer). Mentions Dynabook, but does not assert handwriting recognition for it. Also Grid Computing, Momenta. Attributes pen-centric computing to Hew Crane. Cites GO and PenPoint as the first operating system developed specifically for pen computing.
• [Microsoft02d] Microsoft Corporation "Start Tablet PC Input Panel with a Gesture", www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/tabletpc/learnmore/inputpanel.mspxa, November 7, 2002
  Shake gesture to start TIP/SIP Tablet PC Input Panel on Tablet PC.
• [Microsoft02e] Microsoft Corporation "Windows XP Tablet PC Edition: Tablet PC: An Overview", http://msdn.microsoft.com, June, 2002
  Edited transcript of sales presentation on Tablet PC: Electronic ink / gesture integration with Microsoft Office: specifically states that Tablet PCs use an electromagnetic digitizer (with proximity) and not a resistive-touch screen: mentions palm-rest problem of resistive touch screens. Note: Two versions (?) of this reference, 2002 and 2004. Screen rotation for portrait/landscape views (4 orientations) without restart (pushbutton). Microsoft Tablet PC is primary business PC.
• [Microsoft02f] Microsoft Corporation "Pointer Ballistics for Windows XP", http://msdn.microsoft.com, Update October 31, 2002
  Precision pointer / acceleration algorithms for mouse input, states that it achieves smoother pointer movements. Does not discuss digitizer/touchscreen input with absolute position input, only relative-movement mouse.
• [Microsoft02g] Weeks, Kevin D. "Microsoft Office: Alternative IO: Using Speech and Handwriting Recognition for Data Entry", MSOffice Magazine (http://msofficemag.com), April 2, 2002
  Review article on handwriting recognition (cites to Stylator), 1940's and 1952 on speech recognition: Microsoft Tablet PC, states most important in practice are lexicon/dictionary, user training, hardware performance.
• [Microsoft02h] Weeks, Kevin D. "New Tools to Use with Your Tablet PC", www.microsoft.com, November 7, 2002
  Microsoft Journal note-taking (electronic ink) application for Tablet PC. Also voice note: voice recording can be stored in input field similarly to electronic ink, with deferred speech recognition similar to deferred translation / deferred handwriting recognition. Input Panel applet allows handwriting anywhere on screen via transparent overlay window.
• [Microsoft02i] Microsoft Corporation "Windows XP Tablet PC Edition Hardware Requirements", www.microsoft.com, 2002
  For Windows Tablet PC (prior to UMPC Ultra-mobile PC), digitizer required to be 1000 pts/inch or 5 times the display resolution, 100 (preferably 133) points/second, proximity sensing required. Note: on UMPC, requirements changed, proximity no longer required to run Tablet PC OS on UMPC. Note: confuses resolution and accuracy? Ctl-Alt-Del must be separate mechanism.
• [Microsoft02j] Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Computer Dictionary, 5th Edition", Microsoft Press, 2002
  General Reference computer dictionary (Microsoft).
• [Microsoft02k] Microsoft Corporation "Tablet PC: The evolution of the Notebook PC", Microsoft Corporation, 2002
  Marketing flyer on Tablet PC, based on Windows XP Professional, security features. Electronic ink e-mail and messaging, Windows Journal electronic ink note-taking application.
• [Microsoft03a] Microsoft Corporation "Using Gestures", http://msdn.microsoft.com, MSDN, January 15, 2003 3:17 p.m.
  Tablet PC SDK documentation from MSDN, sections include Application Gestures, CollectionMode, InkCollector; InkAndGesture and GestureOnly modes. Has pictures of gesture shapes. Section "Application Gestures and Semantic Behavior": defined gestures include scratch-out/erase, Triangle/insert, Check-off, Curlicue/fixed (compare with proofreader's marks), Double-Curlicue/copy, double-circle/paste, left-semicircle/undo, right-semicircle/redo, Caret gesture/paste, Inverted-caret/insert, flick left / backspace, flick right / space (compare with GO flick gestures), left/right/up/down corners with directional gestures. See also 2008 version of same reference.
• [Microsoft03b] Microsoft Corporation "ApplicationGesture Enumeration -- SystemGesture Enumeration", www.microsoft.com, 2003
  List of Application gestures and system gestures for Microsoft Tablet PC. Lists Tap and DoubleTap as gestures that work for both, cites modal confusion with exclamation point gesture. Notable that exclamation is used both as a gesture and as a handwriting character. Gestures include curlicue similar to proofreaders cut/delete mark, double-curlicue. Second copy has pictures of all gestures (from Longhorn Beta of Windows 7). Dated Jan 15 2003. Cites additional gestures to be supported: see "Unimplemented Glyphs".
• [Microsoft03c] Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - Windows XP Tablet PC Edition", http://msdn.microsoft.com, January 15, 2003
  Hand obscures view of display, targets should be larger. Default alignment of menus is switched to left, because predominantly right-handed users of stylus/tablet versus mouse. Windows Mouse GUI is modified for stylus input. Targeting more difficult with stylus than with mouse. Double-tap has motion with stylus. Notes differences between double-tap gesture with a stylus/digitizer tablet and double-click with mouse, tool-tips different for mouse and tablet gestures because of difficulty targeting a single pixel with accuracy with a stylus, and double-tap hard to do on the same pixel (as with a mouse). Right-handed/left-handed tooltips and menus (different sides).
• [Microsoft03d] Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Knowledge Base: Cannot See Writing with Pen Pointing Device and Super VGA, KB111569", http://msdn.microsoft.com, 10/14/2003
  Reference to modified display drivers to show ink data in conjunction with tablet/pen driver in Windows for Pen computing 1.0 (from 1992).
• [Microsoft03e] Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - System Events and Mouse Messages", http://msdn.microsoft.com, January 15, 2003
  Tablet PC generates both mouse events and system events (gesture messages), regardless. Mentions difference between ISG_TAP tap gesture sent when pen/stylus is lifted, and WM_LBUTTON_DOWN message sent on mouse click. No mouse GUI equivalent to HOVER gesture of tablet GUI. Mouse messages useful for pointing, pen events for real-time ink.
• [Microsoft03f] Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - Timeline of Mouse Messages and System Events", http://msdn.microsoft.com, January 15, 2003
  Mentions separation of system events / Gestures from mouse input: ISG_TAP events are processed instantaneously, whereas mouse WM_ messages and mouse clicks are delayed by windows messaging service queue. DoubleTap gesture not accurate, longer time between click-like events compared to mouse. Sequence of ISG_DBLTAP and WM_DBLLBUTTON messages indeterminate.
• [Microsoft03g] Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - Unimplemented Glyphs", http://msdn.microsoft.com, January 15, 2003
  Tablet PC gestures appear to be nearly identical list of gestures to Hullender patent. Gestures include Circle-Circle, DiagonalLeftUp, DoubleDown, all alphanumerics, TripleDown, QuadrupleTap, etc. Infinity gesture to switch in and out of gesture mode.
• [Microsoft03h] Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - General Threading Considerations", http://msdn.microsoft.com, January 15, 2003
  MouseDown and CursorDown (mouse vs. tablet/stylus) events occur on different threads, for reasons of rendering electronic ink.
• [Microsoft03i] Microsoft Corporation "Developing Applications Using your Tablet PC", http://msdn.microsoft.com, Microsoft TechNet, May 13, 2003
  Arin Goldberg, Cory Linton presentation on Tablet PC. Soft Input Panel and also Tablet PC Input Panel: can be bound to input fields in dialogs as part of application programming. Discussion of differences in electronic ink APIs and functionality between Windows Mobile / Pocket PC and Tablet PC, touch screen and proximity digitizer. Newsgroup microsoft.public.tabletpc.developernewsgroup on http://msnews.microsoft.com.
• [Microsoft03j] Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Tablet PC - Design Recommendations", http://msdn.microsoft.com, 2003
  Pen as Pointing and Input Device; Designing for the Use of Handwriting Recognition; Interoperability of Ink Data; Readability; external monitors on Tablet PC; Accessibility. See also 2006 version.
• [Microsoft03k] Microsoft Corporation "DOC: Pen Documentation in Windows Resource Kit Incorrect", http://support.microsoft.com, Article Q86031, 2003
  Re-publication of 1992(?) Notice about Windows for Pen computing 1.0, on sample tablet drivers for WACOM and Scriptel tablets being included with Pen OAK separately from version 3.1 of Windows SDK.
• [Microsoft03l] Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Announces the Next Version of the Tablet PC Operating System", www.microsoft.com, November 17, 2003
  Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2004 with OneNote and Journal note taker applications with editing of electronic ink, electronic ink annotation in ExCel spreadsheets.
• [Microsoft03m] Russel, Charlie "Getting to Know Windows Journal for Tablet PC", www.microsoft.com, January 20, 2003
  Windows Journal note-taking application for Tablet PC using electronic ink. Includes ink editing: Lasso/circle gesture around ink to move it to another location. Add blank lines/space (not between words). Scratch out gesture to erase. Compare with Slate PenScheduler.
• [Microsoft03n] Microsoft Corporation "Windows Mobile Pocket PC", www.microsoft.com, August, 2003
  Summary of some features of Windows Mobile (5.0) Pocket PC. Cellphone/smartphone, synchronization with desktop computer, Microsoft Pocket version of Internet Explorer web browser, video/media player. WiFi network connections.
• [MihaelescuP03a] Mihaelescu, Patrik "MAE: A Mobile Agent Environment for Resource Limited Devices", PhD Thesis, Monash Univ., January 2003
  Mobile agent: software that moves itself to a host computer to continue executing on behalf of user when user turns off a portable computer /PDA. Original concept was General Magic with Telescript language, current (2003) technology is mostly Java. Thesis pre-dates Apple iPad/iPhone. Mentions Newton. Development platform for project was PalmOS.
• [MilekicS02a] Milekic, Slavko "Towards Tangible Virtualities: Tangialities", Proc. Museums and the Web, 2002
  Essay relating to tools that enhance cognitive function. Explanation of direct manipulation, tangible user interfaces. Vibro-tactile (haptic) feedback on mouse to show boundaries of user interface objects (iFeel mouse from Immersion TouchSense). Milekic Author of KiddyFace touchscreen interface for museum exhibits.
• [MilekicS02b] Milekic, Slavko "Making Playful Interfaces for Serious Content", Grindstone Island Seminars, Summer 2002
  User-interaction seminar: Touchscreen displays. Pseudo-3D layouts, use of pressure (force) force sensing with finger, gesture and motion capture on flat touchscreens, haptic interfaces. Proximity sensing and proximity gestures. File contains additional materials.
• [MinS02a] Min, Saehee Sarah "Caressing Sound and Image", EECE 496 Final Project Report, Univ. British Columbia, Canada, Project Code SSF3, April 5, 2002
  MTC Express Multi-Touch controller with multipoint pressures (multitouch force-sensitive) using image processing interpolation to recover actual shape. Mostly about image interpolation algorithms (Pythagorean and pre-calculated sine interpolation) for multi-touch sensor: compare with Rekimoto?
• [MitchellGD03a] Mitchell, G. Daryn "Orientation on Tabletop Displays", Master's Thesis, Simon Fraser Univ., October 2003
  Review of touchscreen tabletop displays and the approaches taken to rotating what is displayed for the users at different perspectives around the tabletop. Cites to MetaDesk. Different approaches includes rotating individual objects, and rotating the entire display UI.
• [MonroeAA03a] Monroe, Adam A. "Ballpoint Pen Type Input Device for Computer", US Patent 6,633,282, October 14, 2003
  Accelerometer-based pen/stylus for capturing handwriting, can also record stylus angle. Compare with SRI pen, cordless stylus?
• [MoonBJ02a] Moon, Billy G.; Bankler, Brian; Wooldridge, Tammy A.; and Jain, Vikas "Method and apparatus for using a touch screen display on a portable intelligent communications device", US Patent 6,433,801, August 13, 2002
  Hand-held PDA/phone: show virtual buttons on touchscreen, bring up dialog of same name for each button. Tabbed screens for sets of button. User can drag-and-drop to reposition buttons.
• [MoranTP01a] Moran, Thomas P.; van Melle, William J.; Kurtenbach, Gordon P.; Chiu, Patrick "Computer controlled display system using a graphical replay device to control playback of temporal data representing collaborative activities", US Patent 6,332,147, November 3, 1995
  Electronic whiteboard: Record and play back synchronized electronic ink and audio: compare with Wang Freestyle?
• [MoravecKLC02a] Moravec, K. L. C. "A Grayscale Reader for Camera Images of Xerox Dataglyphs", Proc. BMVC 2002, pp. 698..707
  Method of decoding dataglyphs (watermark/steganographic information hidden in images) not affected by image degradation, angle of view, etc. Compare with image corrections in Anoto. Requires enough resolution to determine angles of image dots/oblongs.
• [MorrisonG01a] Morrison, Gerald; Singh, Manvinder; and Holmgren, David "Machine Vision Passive Touch Technology for Interactive Displays", SID '01 Digest, Society for Information Display, 2001, Article 7.4, pp. 74..77
  Touch-enabling large display (touchscreen) by optical/visual finger-tracking with four cameras at corners of LCD display. Infrared bezel to detect touch/click. Multiple-touch / multiple-users: rather than binarization (which tends to blur blobs), divides into three regions: became darker, became lighter, no change. Shadows removed based on their "soft" boundaries. Position determined by triangulation from four corners.
• [MorrisonG03a] Morrison, Gerald and Holmgren, David "Toward a Touch-Sensitive Display Wall", SID '03 Digest, Society for Information Display, 2003, Article 54.4, pp. 1458..1461
  Touch-enabling large display (touchscreen) by "machine vision" optical/visual finger-tracking with four cameras at corners of LCD display. Infrared bezel to detect touch/click. Multiple-touch / multiple-users: distinguishes pen from finger by visual horizontal intensity profile from the side. Orientation (of eraser) determined by horizontal profile from different cameras, outer edges of eraser. Position determined by triangulation from four corners.
• [MortonJK03a] Morton, J. Kevin "Disability Law Blog: MyIE2: Super Drag and Drop and Mouse Gestures", www.jkevinmorgon.com, 2003
  Mouse Gestures with web browser. Includes drag-and-drop.
• [MoscovitchJ01a] Moscovitch, Jerry; Hall, Ian C.; Chung, Son; and Elchuk, Mark D. "Computer display screen system and adjustable screen mount and swinging screens therefor", UK Patent GB2361799B, October 31, 2001
  Portable folding computer with universals ball hinges, also dual hinges at 90 degrees for portrait/landscape orientation. Display can be folded back to be visible from opposite side. Easel, fig. 98.
• [Motif01a] Fountain, Antony and Fergusun, Paula "Motif Reference Manual for Motif 2.1 Volume 6b The Definitive Guide to the X Windows System", O'Reilly and Associates, 2001. 1998, 2000, 2001
  moveThreshold of class MoveThreshold: minimum distance for drag. Also XmNselectThreshold, minimum distance to move to select next character in text/drag selection.
• [Motorola03a] Motorola Corporation "Creating Device Configurations: White Paper", www.motorola.com, 2003
  IDE development emulator for Motorola smartphones, using Java and CodeWarrior debugger. Simulation image of virtual Motorola smartphone (similar to T720) in J2ME SDK. Mouse emulation / mouse events in smartphone.
• [MotwaniM03a] Motwani, Mukesh "Colocated Dataglyphs: Master's Thesis Proposal", University of Nevada, Reno, Computer Science Department, 2003
  Dataglyph: extension of error-correcting and tamper-evident properties to multiple pages.
• [MoyleM03a] Moyle, Michael and Cockburn, Andy "A Flick in the Right Direction: An Evaluation of Simple Gesture Based Controls", www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/andrew.cockburn/papers/moyle-cockburn.pdf, also presented (in part) at Fourth Australasian User Interface Conf. AUIC 2003, Adelaide Australia, and in Behaviour and Information Technology. 24(4): 275--288. Taylor and Francis. 2005
  Also published under similar title (?): A Flick in the Right Direction: a case study of gestural input: Behavior and Information Technology, Vol 24, Number 4, July 2005, pp 275-288. Comparison of flick gestures (with a stylus) with dragging to scroll web pages, also comparison with mouse input, in PDAs. Flick gestures win. Cites study of Graffiti Unistroke alphabet (not Graffiti2/JOT). Contains references to Unistroke gestures from various authors.
• [MoyleM03b] Moyle, Michael and Cockburn, Andy "The Design and Evaluation of a Flick Gesture for 'Back' and 'Forward' in Web Browsers", Fourth Australasian User Interface Conf. AUIC 2003, Adelaide Australia
  Flick forward and flick back gestures based on marking menus.
• [MuellerP02a] Müller, Peter and Riess, Walter "Electrode for Use in Electro-Optical Devices", US Patent 6,472,804, October 29, 2002
  Very thin wires/conductors dimension comparable to wavelength of light, appear transparent. Tcouhscreens.
• [Mueller-Prove02] Müller-Prove, Matthias "Vision and Reality of Hypertext and Graphical User Interfaces", Report 237, Fachbereich Informatik, Universität Hamburg, Germany, February 2002, (Master's Thesis)
  Has review of Memex by Vannevar Bush, Sketchpad by Sutherland, Flex machine and Dynabook. Shows Flex Machine with separate digitizing tablet (proposal) in 1969. Shows Parallel Textface with multi-touch (?) touchscreen in Xanadu system, 1972.
• [MullorM02a] Mullor, Miki and Valiko, Julian "Method of restricting software operation within a license limitation", US Patent 6,411,941, June 25, 2002
  License restriction (DRM) of software use by verifying with program and license data in non-volatile memory areas. Compare with Multics, Stefik?
• [MunsonJC01a] Munson, John C. and Wimer, Scott "Watcher: The Missing Piece of the Security Puzzle", Proc. ACSAC 2001 Conf., New Orleans 11-14 December 2001, pp 230-239
  Disallowed Operational Anomaly system: dynamic modelling of program behavior using execution path patterns, deny operation when program behavior diverges from learned patterns. Technical reference for http://Cylant.com, intrusion detection contrasted to signatures for files or SNORT network patterns.
• [MunsonJC02a] Munson, John C. "Method and System for Simplifying the Structure of Dynamic Execution Profiles", US Patent Application 2002/0138753, September 26, 2002
  Real-time detection of injected unauthorized code on a computer system by pattern matching to execution profiles for usual paths of code-path execution. Refers to instrumentation points, arbitrary metric points (usually branches) in code execution.
• [MunsonJC03a] Munson, John C. "Method and System for Establishing Normal Software System Behavior and Departures from Normal Behavior", US Patent Application 2003/0200462, October 23, 2003
  Real-time detection of injected unauthorized code on a computer system by pattern matching to execution profiles for usual paths of code-path execution. Suggests mapping programs with highly correlated behavior (?) into one model. Compare with behavioral analysis at Cylant?
• [MurphyPA03a] Murphy, Paul Anthony "Touch screen overlay apparatus", US Patent 6,667,738, December 23, 2003
  Flexible membrane resistive touchscreen. Cites to touchscreen wristwatches (Seiko? Casio?).
• [MurphySC02a] Murphy, Stephen C. "Computer touch screen adapted to facilitate selection of features at edge of screen", US Patent 6,411,283, June 25, 2002
  Shift hotspot/position of touch input from center of finger area, both to correct for edge bias when near edge, and offset to different sided to deal with fat-thumb and obscuring/blocking of view by finger.
• [MyersBA01a] Myers, Brad A.; Nicols, Jeff; and Miller Rob "User Interfaces that Span Hand-Held and Fixed Devices", Proposal for CHI 2001 Workshop on Distributed and Disappearing User Interfaces in Ubiquitous Computing
  "Pebbles": Use of touchscreen PDAs (e.g. Palm Pilot) as Personal Universal Controller for VCR, machine tools, office equipment, etc. Device sends description of functions to PDA, which automatically generates an appropriate user-interface for the device. "Smart Meeting room", PDAs/tablets in conjunction with whiteboard. Cited in US Patent 7,752,633.
• [MyersBA02a] Myers, Brad A.; Bhatnagar, Rishi; Nichols, Jeffrey; Peck, Choon Hong; Kong, Dave; Miller, Robert; and Long, A. Chris "Interacting at a Distance: Measuring the Performance of Laser Pointers and Other Devices", Proc. CHI 2002, April 20..25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnestoa, pp. 33..40
  Performance/accuracy comparison of mouse, laser pointer, and touch-sensitive SmartBoard (whiteboard) projected display. Also pointing on PDA handheld touchscreen with stylus. Laser pointer was worst, PDA (held with two hands) best. Does not deal with "initial targeting" with laser pointer, primarily wobble.
• [MyersBA03a] Myers, Brad A. "Graphical User Interface Programming", CRC Handbook of Computer Science and Engineering, 2nd Ed., 2003, Chapter 51
  Expanded version of 1995 ACM paper: Good user interfaces require iterative design. Survey of user interface tools. Predicts greater use of handwriting and gesture, but no discussion of gesture/touch/pen user interface tools.
• [MyersRL02a] Myers, Robert L. "Display Interfaces - Fundamentals and Standards", Wiley-SID Series in Display Technology, Society for Information Display, 2002
  Reference on displays, image standards and formats, display output interface standards, types of displays (analog/digital etc.) Very little on input (touchscreens, etc.).
• [N-Trig03a] N-trig Innovative Technologies "N-trig Intelligent Digitizers and Smart Positioning Sensors", http://N-trig.com, archived 2003
  N-trig transparent electromagnetic digitizers (touchscreen) for flat panel displays, with multi-point (multi-touch) input. Target platforms are Microsoft Tablet PC and Thin Client pen-enabled platforms.
• [N-Trig03b] N-trig Innovative Technologies "N-trig Transparent Electromagnetic Digitizers for Tablet PC Platforms", N-Trig Innovation Technologies, 2003
  N-trig transparent electromagnetic digitizers (touchscreen) for flat panel displays, with multi-point (multi-touch) input. Transparency 86%, 200 Hz report rate, stylus accuracy 0.25 mm (5/pixel), hover/proximity sensing.
• [N-Trig03c] N-trig Innovative Technologies "N-trig Transparent Electromagnetic Digitizers for Smart Display", N-Trig Innovation Technologies, 2003
  N-trig transparent electromagnetic digitizers (touchscreen) for flat panel displays, with multi-point (multi-touch) input. Mouse functionality (in firmware? in driver?) for Windows/XP. Transparency 86%, 200 Hz report rate, stylus accuracy 0.25 mm (5/pixel), hover/proximity sensing.
• [NakaiM02a] Nakai, Mitsuru; Sudo, Takashi; Shimodaira, Hiroshi; and Sagayama, Shigeki "Pen Pressure Features for Writer-Independent On-line Handwriting Recognition Based on Substroke HMM", Proc. ICPR 2002, 16th Intl. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, vol III, pp. 220..223
  Using pen pressure (force), slight improvement on handwriting recognition for Kanji. Cursive writing is connected strokes within Kanji characters. Eight-direction chain codes. Test set 1016 elementary Kanji characters (samples, or characters?).
• [NakamotoN02a] Nakamoto, Nobuya "Data processing apparatus", US Patent 6,381,132, April 30, 2002
  Foldable mini-terminal/PDA/tablet computer with touchscreen, two parts can be folded back-to-back so that rear of keyboard and rear of LCD display face each other. Keyboard section can be detached from tablet section.
• [NakashimaY02a] Nakashima, Yutaka "Online Character entry Device", US Patent 6,369,807, April 9, 2002
  Handwritten character / abbreviation gestures, using a particular stroke to introduce an abbreviation, then not requiring all strokes to be entered to pick out defined abbreviation: relevance word retrieval. Discussion of using stopping points instead of stroke lifts to delineate/parse strokes or characters. Language reads like machine translation from Japanese.
• [NashelA03a] Nashel, Andre and Razzaque, Sharif "Tactile Virtual Buttons for Mobile Devices", ProcCHI 2003, Short Talk: Haptic Interfaces, pp 854-855
  Haptic/tactile feedback on touchscreen buttons by vibrating display when user's finger is over button image. Click on edge of button, mild vibration while on button. As user presses harder, vibrate at higher frequency. If touchscreen is not pressure sensitive, use dwell time ("linger time") threshold. Cites to Immersion Technologies TouchSense tactile mouse for actuator.
• [NationalFederationOfTheBlind02a] National Federation of the Blind "Blindness Related Computer Files", www.nfbnet.org/download/blind.htm, 2002
  Download an installation files for screen reader ASAP Automatic Screen Access Program, Access Technologies: main index links are not valid, must to go directory page. ASAP versions back to 1992.
• [NaturalInputSolutions02a] Natural Input Solutions, Inc. "Natural Input Solutions / SmARTwriter handwriting recognition", http://www.naturlainputsolutions.com, archived 2002
  Stylus/gesture text editing. Modal interface, but mode is implicit for whether touch/stylus gesture is made within selection (gesture command applied to selection), our outside selection (inking/text input). Punctuation is small circles and small lower-case "g" instead of dot/tap and comma. See also Maxted patent.
• [Neonode03a] Neonode.com "Neonode N1 released", www.neonode.com, 2003
  Cellphone with optical touch screen. Sweep/flick gestures: slide-to-unlock?
• [NesbatSB03a] Nesbat, Saied B. "A System for Fast, Full-Text Entry for Small Electronic Devices", Proc. ICMI 2003, 5th Intl. Conf. on Multimodal Interface, Vancouver, November 5..7, 2003
  MessageEase: Simplified keyboard for smartphones and hand-held PDAs using touchscreen phone-keypad. Characters input by tapping (for main character), slide/swipe in particular direction for secondary characters. Implemented on Palm OS PDAs replacing Graffiti and virtual keyboard. Compare with Buxton?
• [NevileB03a] Nevile, Ben; Driessen, Peter; and Schloss, W.A. "A New Control Paradigm: Software-Based Gesture Analysis for Music", Proc. PACRIM 2003: IEEE Pacific Rim Conf. on Communications Computers and Signal Processing, Victoria, BC, Canada, August 28..30, 2003, pp. 360..363
  Detection of hand gestures in real time for music. Acoustic "analog" detection. Cites to Radio Drum.
• [NewYorkTimes02a] New York Times "TECHNOLOGY: Silicon Valley's Dream Tablet, from Microsoft", New York Time, November 6, 2002, Section C, page 1
  Announcement of Tablet PC on Windows XP by Bill Gates: focusing on electronic ink rather than handwriting recognition, limited success. Quotes other industry figures about Microsoft appearing to claim invention credit in spite of earlier work including Newton, PenPoint. Quotes Kaplan on Micorsoft persuading Compaq Computer to adopt Pen Windows of Go, history leading to antitrust case against Microsoft.
• [NewYorkTimes02b] McGrane, Sally "TECHNOLOGY: No Press, no Street: When Fingers Fly", New York Times, January 24, 2002
  Wayne Westerman / Fingerworks: multi-touch TouchStream touch pads. Refers to replacing computer mouse movements with gestures across the screen. Multi-finger rotating gesture for open/close (opening a jar). TouchStream Min, TouchStream Stealth (two-handed gestures), iGesture Pad.
• [NewmanMW03a] Newman, Mark W.; Lin, James; Hong, Jason I.; and Landay, James A. "DENIM: An Informal Web Site Design Tool Inspired by Observations of Practice", Human-Computer Interaction, 2003, Vol 18, pp. 259-324
  DENIM: Design Environment for Navigation and Information Models. Prototyping tool for web pages. Includes sketch recognition (square, rectangle, etc.) with editing with gestures, includes barrel button of stylus, handwriting recognition, gestures, pie-menus (tap with barrel button on stylus depressed). Gestures include Cut, Copy, Paste, Undo, Redo, Insert Text, several Pan/flick gestures. Hold (press-and-hold) selects object, tap draws dot. Cites to Rubine 91 gesture recognizer and gdt/SATIN. Press-and-hold: defines gesture as a stroke created by the pen that activates a command. Counterexample for press-and-hold as invocation of context menu, press-and-hold doing something else.
• [NguyenNN01a] Nguyen, Nghi Nho "Method and apparatus for producing a combined data stream and recovering therefrom the respective user input stream and at least one additional input signal", US Patent 6,219,730, April 17, 2001
  Multiplexing/demultiplexing of data streams from two simultaneous/parallel UID user-interface input devices, in a hand-held controller. Cites to Multi-Modal HCL: Combination of Gesture and Speech recognition. Compare with bi-manual input, "put-that-there"?
• [NicholsJ03a] Nichols, Jeffrey and Myers, Brad A. "Automatically Generating Interfaces for Multi-Device Environments", Proc. UBICOMP 2003 Workshop on Multi-Device Interfaces for Ubiquitous Peripheral Interaction, Seattle, WA, October 12, 2003
  Personal Universal Controller Project for remote (hand-held) controllers: download description of device to be controlled, internally generate UI appropriate to particular controller device (keypad, touchscreen, hand-held, etc.). Controller devices are Windows PocketPC (touchscreen), Windows desktop computer, Microsoft Smartphone. Part of "Pebbles" project.
• [NielsenM03a] Nielsen, Michael; Stoerring, Moritz; Moeslund, Thomas B.; and Granum, Erik "A Procedure for Development Intuitive and Ergonomic Gesture Interfaces for Man-Machine Interaction", Tech. Rpt. CVMT03-01, ISSN 1601-3646, Aalborg Univ., March 2003
  hand-gesture user interfaces: refers to static/positional gestures of the hands, dynamic moving gestures, and spatio-temporal gestures. menu gesture with flat hand.
• [NielsonKW01a] Nielson, Kevin W. and Kinawi, Husam "Object-drag continuity between discontinuous touch screens of a single virtual desktop", US Patent 6,331,840, December 18, 2001
  Dual screen display with hinge, with small gap between displays: treated as single display, drag/move of graphical object continues on second display if time and distance of motion across gap is sufficiently small. Also simple touch on one screen followed immediately by target touch on other display.
• [NobuchiA02a] Nobuchi, Atsunobu; Kamikakoi, Hideaki; and Gotou, Katsuichi "Small-sized portable information processing apparatus", US Patent 6,492,974, December 10, 2002
  Convertible touchscreen laptop computer. Dual-axis hinge, display can be folded 360 degrees to back of keyboard, keyboard then disabled by switch sensor (may be optical, magnetic, non-mechanical) on cam mechanism in hinge to measure hinge angle. Display image rotates to portrait mode from landscape automatically when folded back 360 degrees. Prior art figure shows U/I layout changes when display rotated. Mentions HP OmniGo as prior art.
• [Nokia02a] Nokia "User's Guide for Nokia 5510 Smartphone", Nokia Corporation, 2002
  User manual for NPM-5 5510 Nokia smartphone. Full (micro) keyboard for thumb typing, phone book and games applications. Scroll buttons for menus. FM radio. Compare with 2004 edition.
• [Nokia02b] Nokia Corporation "Repairhints NPM-5 5510: Nokia 5510 Service Manual", Nokia Corporation, 2003
  Repair manual (disassembly) for Nokia 5510 smartphone: mini keyboard, no touchscreen.
• [Nokia03a] Nokia Corporation "User's Guide for the Nokia Digital Pen", Nokia Corp., 2003
  Wireless (bluetooth) Nokia pen, Anoto technology, paired to Nokia (small display?) smartphone.
• [NormanDA02a] Norman, Donald A. "The Design of Everyday Things", Basic Books (1st edition, 1988), revised with new preface 2002
  Human factors of device, usability, user-interface design. Usage errors are caused by poor usability design.
• [NorrieMC02a] Norrie, Moira C. and Signer, Beat "Web-Based Integration of Printed and Digital Information", Proc. DIWeb'02, Toronto Canada May 2002
  Digitally encoded paper with (bar code? dataglyph? electronic paper?) information for web links. Compare to Hyperlink. "digitally augmented paper", references to Digital Desk, Anoto.
• [NorrieMC02b] Norrie, M. C. "The Myth of the Paperless Office", Monthly Meeting of ETH Emeritus Professors, Winterthur, Switzerland, April 29, 2002
  See also other paper same title, different author. Paper advantages over electronic ink on tablets: low power, flexible, annotation, physical human interaction. Mentions Anoto optical pattern paper, LeapFrog education books with stylus touch to pictures, Paper++ project, but outstanding problems on interactions with paper/electronic data.
• [NorrieMC03a] Norrie, Moira C. and Signer, Beat "Switching over to Paper: A New Web Channel", Proc. 7th Intl. Conf. on Electronic Paper, Saint Malo, April 1998. Reprint available at www.globis.ethz.ch
  Digitally encoded paper with (bar code? dataglyph? electronic paper?) information for web links. Compare to Hyperlink.
• [NoyesJ02a] Noyes, Jan "Talking and writing - How natural in human-machine interaction", Intl. Jnl. Human-Computer Studies, Vol 55 No 4, October 2001
  Short essay on use of handwriting and speech recognition: refers to speech recognition system in 1952, "Automatic recognition of spoken digits".
• [NuttallGR02a] Nuttall, Gordon R. and Sobol, Robert E. "Image capture device with handwritten annotation", US Patent Application 2002/0051262 A1, May 2, 2002
  Tablet computer, with application software for mark-up / handwritten annotations on photographs. Examples show field documentation for insurance adjusters. Compare with PenPoint, Wang Guide?
• [OConnorM01a] O'Connor, Michael and Vannier, David S. "Electronic Pen Device", US Patent 6,188,392, February 13, 2001
  Two-axis accelerometer pen/stylus. Cites to Hewitt Crane.
• [OHaganTP02a] O'Hagan, Timoth P. and Wang, Ynjium P. "Portable data collection network with telephone and voice mail capability", US Patent 6,424,830, July 23, 2002
  Smartphone with keyboard, menus, fax capability, optional touchscreen. Refers to tablet computer as a "workslate".
• [OakleyI01a] Oakley, Ian; Brewster, Stephen; and Gray, Philip "Can You Feel the Force? An Investigation of Haptic Collaboration in Shared Editors", Proc. Eurohaptics 2001, January 2001, pp. 54..59
  Study using SensAble Technologies PHANToM force-feedback haptic "mouse" (pantographic absolute position force-feedback devices) in groupware (whiteboard) graphical editing application. Users felt more comfortable using gestures with haptic feedback.
• [OakleyI02a] Oakley, Ian; Adams, Alison; Brewster, Stephen; and Gray, Philip "Guidelines for the Design of Haptic Widgets", Proc. British HCI 2002. British Computer Society London, England, 2-6 September 2002, pp. 195-211
  SensAble Technologies PHANToM force-feedback haptic "mouse" (pantographic absolute position force-feedback devices) with stylus added for fine pointing (PHANToM has 6 DOF). Both haptic and visual feedback can degrade user performance hitting targets when targets far apart, or intervening targets "snag" user motion. Mentions "slide-over/slide-off" problems of activate-on-lift, since visual feedback of a virtual button etc. appears the same.
• [Oberquelle02a] Oberquelle, Horst; Obendorf, Hartmut; and Mueller-Prove, Matthias "Eine kurze Geschichte der Software-Ergonomie: Pioniertaten der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion", Presentation at Mensch-Computer Conf., 2002
  Historical overview of human/computer interaction: cites to Vannevar Bush 1945, Sketchpad by Sutherland, Hypertext by Theodor Holm Helson; Mouse by Douglas Engerbart; Xerox PARC; Adele Goldberg/Dan Ingalls personal computer; etc. Note: most projects up until 1980's were US government/DARPA funded.
• [OberteufferJA02a] Obersteuffer, John A.; Wilbanks, John; Loken-Kim, Kyung-Ho; and Kania, William "Processing Handwritten and Hand-Drawn Input and Speech Input", US Patent 6,438,523, August 20, 2002
  Combined multi-modal user interface for pen-computing gestures and voice commands. Example: speech recognition, user can then correct/edit text with pen; Speech recognition for text, point with stylus for where to insert; Gesture or voice command input. Illustration shows gesture interface as a touch interface (finger). Notes that with speech input / speech/voice recognition, screen or graphical navigation is awkward, hence use of a stylus/digitizer. Cites to Put-That-There, Crane voice + tablet/handwriting.
• [ObradovichML03a] Obradovich, Michael L. "Positional Camera and GPS Data Interface Device", US Patent 6,525,768, February 25, 2003
  Cellphone (handheld personal communication device PCD) with GPS receiver and camera and touchscreen, user requests maps and geo-tagged data for the map to be displayed.
• [ObradovichML03b] Obradovich, Michael L.; Dinkel, John; Kent, Michael "Personal Communication System for Communicating Voice Data Positioning Information", US Patent 6,529,824, March 4, 2003
  Server responds to GPS / map data from cellphone with GPS and touchscreen by sending map and geotagged data.
• [ObradovichML03c] Obradovich, Michael L.; Pirtle, John D.; and Schebesch, Steven W. "Technique for Effective Navigation based on User Preferences", US Patent 6,542,812, April 1, 2003
  Server responds to GPS/routing request from a cellphone with GPS and touchscreen, sends back route and favorites, based on preferences in a user profile.
• [OdysseyMediaGroup01a] Odyssey Media Group "IBM announces ThinkPad Transnote", Odyssey Media Group, February 20, 2001
  Press release on IBM ThinkPad Transnote: full laptop with detachable separate tablet for note-taking and input. Mentions Flip Display, can be inverted orientation (as well as rotatable display) for presenting to second person: compare landscape/portrait orientation. File includes additional press releases and information from Pen Computing Magazine, etc.
• [OhJC01a] Oh, Jae-Choeul, and Park, Chong-Yok "Portable Computer having Touch Pad Input Control Function", US Patent 6,266,050, July 24, 2001
  portable computer with touchscreen does not turn on until a particular pattern (gesture) is traced on the touchscreen or touchpad. Compare with Apple slide to unlock?
• [OhJY02a] Oh, Ji-Young and Stuerzlinger, Wolfgang "Laser Pointers as Collaborative Pointing Devices", Proc. Graphics Interface '02, October 2002
  Multi-user whiteboard as Single Display Groupware using laser pointers. Notes that laser pointers problematic for fine positioning: suggest snap-to- targeting or intelligent objects that place themselves by context (semantic snap-to?). Detection of laser pointer spots via camera.
• [OkaK02a] Oka, Kenji; Sato, Yopichi; and Koike, Hideki "Real-Time Fingertip Tracking and Gesture Recognition", IEEE CGA, November/December 2002, pp 64-71
  Optical tracking of multi-touch fingertips with one camera, top view. Single and double-finger gestures, hand-position (e.g. closed thumb) gestures: circle, triangle, rectangle; forward and reverse direction, not just shape. Compare with Wellner, Eyesight.
• [OkaK02b] Oka, Kenji; Sato, Yopichi; and Koike, Hideki "Real-Time Fingertip Tracking of Multiple Fingertips and Gesture Recognition for Augmented Desk Interface Systems", Proc. FGR '02 Fifth IEEE Intl. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, p. 429-ff
  EnhancedDesk: Optical tracking of multi-touch fingertips with one camera, top view. Uses both infrared camera and color CCD camera. Single and double-finger gestures, hand-position (e.g. closed thumb) gestures: circle, triangle, rectangle; forward and reverse direction, not just shape. Compare with Wellner, Eyesight.
• [Olsson03a] Olsson, Andreas "Processing of Digital Images", US Patent Application 2003/0053699, March 20, 2003
  Describes first-cut optical processing for Anoto technology, optical digitizer pattern.
• [Olsson03b] Olsson, Andreas "Method and Device for Data Decoding", PCT Patent Application WO 03/001441 A1, January 3, 2003
  Describes coding pattern for Anoto technology of displaced dots.
• [Olsson03c] Olsson, Andreas "An Optical Sensor Device and a Method Of Controlling Its Exposure Time", PCT Patent Application WO 03/030082 A1, April 10, 2003
  Describes optical sensor for Anoto.
• [Olsson03d] Olsson, Andreas "Method and a Hand-held Device for Identifying Objects in a Sequence of Digital Images by Creating Binarized Images based on a Adaptive Threshold Value", PCT Patent Application WO 03/044740 A1, May 30, 2003
  Image processing for Anoto optical digitizer/tablet using dot pattern on paper.
• [OlwalA03a] Olwal, Alex and Feiner, Steven "Rubbing the Fisheye: Precise Touch-Screen Interaction with Gestures and Fisheye Views", Conf. Supplement, UIT '03, Vancouver, BC, November 2..5, 2003, pp. 83..84
  Non-pressure/force touchscreen lack mouse-over information menus (no proximity sensing?), suggest touch, then rubbing motion (rotational/circular or diagonal) to zoom without lifting finger, then touch more accurately. Address targeting accuracy on touchscreens. Compare with circular zoom gesture on Nokia smartphones?
• [OverholtD01a] Overholt, Dan "The MATRIX: A New Musical Instrument for Interactive Performance", Proc. ICMC Intl. Computer Music Conf. '01, Havana, Cuba, September 17-22, 2001
  3D digitizer of sorts, mechanical rod displaced downward by hand form reverse image of hand. Shows mechanical design of rods. No citations to similar mechanical devices for carpentry, etc.
• [OverholtD01b] Overholt, Dan "The MATRIX: a novel controller for musical expression", New Interfaces for Musical Expression at CHI '01, Seattle, WA, April 1-2, 2001
  3D digitizer of sorts, mechanical rod displaced downward by hand form reverse image of hand. Demonstration in remote live musical performance between Cambridge MA and Ireland. Shows mechanical design of rods. No citations to similar mechanical devices for carpentry, etc.
• [OverholtD02a] Overholt, Dan "New Musical Mappings for the MATRIX Interface", Proc. ICMC Intl. Computer Music Conf. '02, Goteburg, Sweden, September 16-21, 2002
  3D digitizer (see other references), position of rods (scanned in rows, zig-sag) mapped to wave shape for musical performance.
• [OverholtD03a] Overholt, Dan "Control of Signal Processing Algorithms using the MATRIX Interface", Convention Paper, Audio Engineering Society 114th Convention, March 22..25, 2002, Amsterdam
  3D digitizer (see other references), position of rods (scanned in rows, zig-sag) mapped to wave shape for musical performance. Examples: each rod controls distinct display echo. Compared to Korg Kaoss Pad touch pad for musical control.
• [PCMagazine02] PC Magazine "Tablet Timeline", www.PCMag.com, 2002
  Historical timeline of certain pen-computing devices: mentions AT&T EO, but no mention of GO/PenPoint/Lombard. Focus on portable product. 1965 Rand tablet digitizer Grafacon (photograph), 1983 Tandy Model 100 stylus PDA, 1975 Apple Knowledge Navigator, 1989 GRiD GRiDPad, 1991 NCR System 3125 with Windows for Pen Computing / Pen Windows, 1992 Momenta, 1993 Apple Newton Messagepad, 1995 Zenith CruisePAD, 1996 Palm Pilot 1000, 1998 Vadem Clio, 1998 Sharp Mobilon, 1999 Aqcess Qbe, 2001 ThinkPad TransNote, 2001 Microsoft Tablet PC, 2001 AirSpeak Flair, 2002 Microsoft Mira Technologies, 2001 Sony SlipTop, Amstrad PenPad. No mention of Pencept or CIC/Handwriter.
• [PCMagazine03a] PC Magazine "Lok Ma, One Hand", PC Magazine, October 1, 2003, p. 20
  Innoventions: RotoView tilt gesture for scroll, "enter", etc. on hand-held PDA/smartphone with MEMS microelectromechanical accelerometer.
• [PaceMR02a] Pace, Mark Raymond and Talley, Brooks Cash "Distributed Content Identification System", US Patent 6,460,050, October 1, 2002
  Spam and virus filtering by sending an identifier or characteristic (e.g. hash) of the file to a central server for comparison with similar identifiers or characteristics. compare with Cylant technology.
• [PallasArenyR01a] Pallas-Areny, Ramon and Webster, John G. "Sensors and Signal Conditioning, 2nd ed.", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001
  Reference and design book on signal conditioning and electronics interfacing for sensors: goes into detail of physical sensors, such as non-linear potentiometer sensors (compare with Baxter 1996?). Discusses capacitive sensors: analog linearization, shields and driven shields.
• [Palm02a] Palm Pilot "Graffiti documentation, character set", 2002 Palm Pilot personal organizer product information
  Palm Unistroke character set, except for cap lock gesture. Single tap gesture, showing punctuation shift, write in separate area to get capitals.
• [Palm02b] Palm Inc. "Palm Completes Formation of Palm OS Subsidiary as Palm Powered Devices Hit 20 Million Sold", Palm, Inc. press release, January 21, 2002
  Announcement of Palm OS business spin-off from hardware. Cites sales figures to date, three hardware vendors.
• [Palm02c] GSMArena.com "Palm Treo 180", http://GSMArena.com, fetched 2016
  Palm Treo 180 (Handspring), first Palm GSM smartphone. Models had both thumb-type keyboard under clamshell overlay and Graffiti handwriting recognition on touchscreen.
• [Palm02d] Palm Inc. "Handbook for Palm Tungsten T Handhelds", Palm, Inc., 2002
  Palm Tungsten T PDA. Graffiti Command stroke to active Command toolbar. Slide to unlock / swipe to open.
• [PalmInfocenter03a] PalmInfocenter.com "Howto: Replace Graffiti 2 with Original Graffiti", http://PalmInfocenter.com, 2003
  Mentions Graffiti 2 as CIC JOT recognizer.
• [PalmSource03a] PalmSource Inc. "(Misc technical documentation relating to PalmSource OS)", PalmSource, 2003
  (in bulk files).
• [Panasonic03b] Panasonic Corporation "Operating Instructions: Personal Computer Model No. CF-18 series", Panasonic Corporation, FJ0503-0 DFQX5397ZA, 2003
  Panasonic "Toughbook" convertible laptop computer with both touch pad and touchscreen with wireless stylus. Optional hand strap for balancing laptop on one hand PDA-style (in laptop mode). Cites to "On-screen Manual" (Reference Manual: see files) for operating instructions, image rotation (portrait/landscape). States Microsoft Windows XP Tablet PC Edition. Operating instructions and hardware specifications.
• [PapakostasTV02a] Papakostas, Thomas V.; Lima, Julian; and Lowe, Mark "A Large Area Force Sensor for Smart Skin Applications", Proc. 1st IEEE Int'l Conf. on Sensors, June 12..14, 2002, pp. 1620..1624, vol 2
  contact-piezoresistive large area (ganged matrix arrays of 48x52 sensels) tactile sensor "SmartSkin". X/Y array of conductors with piezoresistive contacts at intersections, multiplexed/addressed similar to Rekimoto capacitive SmartSkin. Pictures of pressure map images /force profiles of human feet, human hand (multi-touch). Flexible, edges can be trimmed to shape because sense lines in center of matrix.
• [ParadisoJA02a] Paradiso, Joseph A. "Several Sensor Approaches that Retrofit Large Surfaces for Interactivity", ACM UbiComp 2002 Workshop on Collaboration with Interactive Walls and Tables, Gothenburg, Sweden, September 29, 2002
  Touchscreen/touch sensors for retrofitting to large surface, including touch tables/tabletops. Gesture Wall capacitive hand tracking using AC signal in human body, laser rangefinder to track multiple hands (multi-touch), acoustic knock and tap detection using differential arrival times. Jeff Han FTIR Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (in 2002), but says operates by shadow of optical sensors on side/perimeter of glass.
• [ParadisoJA02b] Paradiso, Joseph A.; Leo, Che King; Checka, Nisha; and Hsiao, Kaijen "Passive Acoustic Sensing for Tracking Knocks Atop Large Interactive Displays", Proc. IEEE Sensors Conf., Kissimmee, Florida, USA, June 12..14, 2002
  Passive whiteboard/window tablet sensors using acoustic sensor microphones at corners of surface, determine position from varying arrival times of knock/tap input.
• [ParadisoJA02c] Paradiso, Joseph A.; Leo, Che King; Checka, Nisha; and Hsiao, Kaijen "Passive Acoustic Knock Tracking for Interactive Windows", Proc. ACM CHI 2002, Conf., Minneapolis, Minnesota, April 20..25, 2002 2002
  Passive whiteboard/window tablet sensors using acoustic sensor microphones at corners of surface, determine position from varying arrival times of knock/tap input. Separate microphone pick-up to distinguish type of tap: knuckle knock, metal tap, fist bang. Able to scale to very large surfaces, contrasted with other touchscreen sensing approaches.
• [ParatoreRM01a] Paratore, Robert M. "Hand held user computer interface", US Patent 6,243,258, June 5, 2001
  Hand-held convertible tablet computer, hinge folds backwards so that close configuration has keyboard keys on outside of tablet. Sensor switch in recess on opposite side closed by nib, automatically disables keyboard and enables tablet mode. Single-axis hinge?
• [Parc03a] Xerox Palo Alto Research Center "DataGlyphs: Embedding Digital Data", www.parc.com/research/asd/projects/dataglyphs, 2003: available also 2015 www.microglyphs.com
  Barcode-like pattern is printed very small as the pixels in a printed image: optical stylus can read the Glyphtones, and thus read what part of the image, or what functional "hot-spot" you are over in the image. Compare to Anoto and Sekendur technology. Says double the data density of Barcode standard PDF417.
• [Parc03b] Xerox Palo Alto Research Center "DataGlyphs Frequently Asked Questions", www.parc.com/research/asd/projects/dataglyphs/faq.html, 2003
  Barcode-like pattern is printed very small as the pixels in a printed image: optical stylus can read the Glyphtones, and thus read what part of the image, or what functional "hot-spot" you are over in the image. Compare to Anoto and Sekendur technology. Business and technical discussion, including print resolution.
• [PartanenM03a] Partanen, Minna and Simila, Vesa "Semi-transparent handwriting recognition", US Patent Application 2003/0001889 A1, January 2, 2003
  Transparent/translucent-colored overlay window for handwriting recognition input over text. Compare with acetate layer in Windows Tablet PC, PenWindows? Refers to "opening point" as selected location for recognized text to be input, rather than input focus.
• [PartridgeK02a] Partridge, Kurt; Chatterjee, Sauray; and Want, Roy "TiltType: Accelerometer-Supported Text Entry for Very Small Devices", Proc. UIST '02, October 27-30, 2002, Paris. pp 201-204
  TiltTyping, similar to EdgeWriting/Quikwriting and Unigesture, but using tilt. References to other wearable keyboards, devices for text entry.
• [PasqueroJ03a] Pasquero, Jerome and Hayward, Vincent "STReSS: A Practical Tactile Display System with One Millimeter Spatial Resolution and 700 Hz Refresh Rate", Proc. Eurohaptics 2003, July 2003, Dublin
  High resolution tactile display using piezoelectric actuators mounted on the skin to produce shear strain on fingertip.
• [PateSD03a] Pate, Seve D. "UNIX Filesystems: Evolution, Design, and Implementation", Wiley, 2003
  Includes historical section on filesystem development. Multiple named data stream in same file included in NFS Version 4. ACLs access control lists added with System V Release 4, prior to 1992. Also mentions "named data streams", multiple data streams in one file.
• [PattenJ01a] Patten, James; Ishii, Hiroshi; Hines, Jim; and Pangaro, Gian "Sensetable: A Wireless Object Tracking Platform for Tangible User Interfaces", Proc. CHI 2001, March 31 .. April 5, Seattle, pp. 253..260
  Tabletop system with electromagnetic position, identity, and orientation sensors for instrumented physical objects (pucks). Capacitive touch sensor for when object is being moved/adjusted. Objects can be positioned physically, dials and buttons for adjusting properties. Prototype used Zowie multi-object (multi-touch) tracking tablet (did not sense orientation). Experimental system for user interface alternatives to WIMP. Projection display from above: project (changeable) labels or "binding" onto pucks. Semantic zooming based on proximity of two pucks.
• [PattenJ02a] Patten, James; Recht, Ben; and Ishii, Hiroshi "Audiopad: A Tag-based Interface for Musical Performance", Proc. ACM NIME 2002, May 24..26, 2002
  Audiopad: tangible user-interface tokens on tabletop with overhead projection, tokens tracked by resonant LC/RF tags. Overhead projector displays information around the tokens. Cites to Fitzmaurice graspable user interfaces.
• [PenAndInternet03] Pen and Internet LLC "Quick Start Guide - ritePen for Windows", www.penandinternet.com/piweb/ritePenwin-qug/index.asp, 2003
  ritePen and riteScript handwriting recognition application for Tablet PC or Windows XP. Uses basic gestures with input, appears to make use of screen reader accessibility technology to detect input fields in applications. Dual modes of operation in user interface for handwriting and pointing/mouse input.
• [PenComputing01a] Walker, Geoff "The Microsoft Tablet PC: A detailed look at Microsoft's Proposed Tablet PC Project", July 2001 issue, available at www.pencomputing.com
  Microsoft announced their own tablet "for computing, communicating and reading electronics books" in 1999, prototype demonstrated June 2000. Points out that Microsoft's presentation omitted mentioning 10 previous years of pen computing industry. Refers to 1991, Pen Windows (Pen Services for Windows), Pen Windows 2.0.
• [PenComputing02a] Walker, Geoff "Microsoft Mira at a Glance", Pen Computing Magazine, July 2002, available at www.pencomputing.com
  Microsoft remote tablet/display for remote (100 feet) access to a Windows XP PC, using Terminal Server software over 802.11b WiFi. Not compatible with Tablet PC OS. Similar devices are AirSpeak Flair, DOT Design Technologies Xtend, Sony Airboard, Panasonic Toughbook 07.
• [PenComputing03] Pen Computing Magazine "Pen Computing Buyer's Guide 2003", August (?) 2003, available at www.pencomputing.com
  Product review of Tablet PC laptops/slatetops for 2003: Acer Travelmate, Electrovaya Scribbler, FIC (First International computer Inc.) SlateVision, Fujitsu Stylistic, HP Compaq PC TC1000, Intermec CT60 Rugged Tablet PC, Panasonic GoBook, Motion Computing, Panasonic Toughbook, NEC Versa Litepad, PaceBlade Technologies Pacebook, Tatung Tablet PC, Toshiba Portege, ViewSonic Tablet PC V1100, Xplore Technologies.
• [PenPoint02a] GO Corp. "dvpower.h: The public definition of the power device interface for PenPoint", PenPoint API source code, June 24, 1992
  Power management through MIL (machine interface layer: compare with Microsoft HAL hardware accessibility layer) in PenPoint operating system: full power, idle (responds to interrupts), standby (power to memory reserved, but reset required to wake up), no-power/off.
• [PetterssonMP03a] Petterson, Mats Petter "Method and Device for Decoding a Position-Coding Pattern", PCT Patent Application WO 03/038741 A1, May 8, 2003
  Anoto position calculation: optical digitizer based on pattern of displaced dots.
• [PetterssonMP03c] Petterson, Mats Petter and Bjoerklund, Andreas "Position Code", US Patent 6,667,695, December 23, 2003
  Anoto optical digitizer technology for "smart paper", refers specifically to not needing much pattern memory to realize the encoding of information that is larger than the writing surface. Specifically refers to determining rotation of stylus/barrel.
• [PetterssonMP03d] Petterson, Mats Petter and Ericson, Petter "Product with a Coding Pattern and Method, Device and Computer Program for Coding and Decoding the Pattern", PCT Patent Application WO 03/042912 A1, May 22, 2003
  Anoto position calculation: optical digitizer based on pattern of displaced dots. Second example uses both displacement, and varying size of dots. Pattern not visible to user.
• [PetzoldC02a] Petzold, Charles "Programming Microsoft Windows with C#", Microsoft Press, 2003
  Microsoft Windows programming guide and reference, C#/C-sharp. Interfaces instead of multiple inheritance. Nothing on Tablet PC, PEN events, graphics bitmap masks. Compare with Visual Basic, PenApps.
• [PhilippH01a] Philipp, Harald "Capacitive Position Sensor", US Patent 6,288,707, September 11, 2001
  Capacitive proximity digitizer combined with physical keyboard, user can move cursor by moving hand over the keyboard. Sensors are triangular pads with pointy ends toward center (or left and right for single-dimension input), measure amount of coupling to hand or finger, along with which pad had the coupling. Note: Original filing WO1998005025A1 was by Airpoint Corporation, mentioned in Philipp 1997 article/white-paper.
• [PhilippH02a] Philipp, Harald "Capacitive closure obstruction sensor", US Patent 6,377,009, April 23, 2002
  Capacitive proximity sensor to detect user's hand or finger where it might be / is caught in a hinge or door. Automotive applications?
• [PhilippH02b] Philipp, Harald "Capacitive sensor and array", US Patent 6,452,514, September 17, 2002
  Use array or line or matrix of capacitive touch sensors to form a keypad, keyboard, linear slider, liquid level sensor, or other sensing array. AC signal to capacitive electrodes. Slider can be curved. Sensing electrode == "receiving electrode". Water film on mutual-capacitive sensor increases capacitance by putting capacitance in parallel, body/finger reduces by shunting from drive electrode to ground: thus detect water/moisture on surface. For touchpad, scan rows-at-a-time parallel, freeing up microprocessor. Debouncing: "majority vote filtering". Implicitly states multi-touch, since supports n-key rollover and detects all keys independently and functionally simultaneously (multi-touch). Describes "keys" also as sensors e.g. for fluid levels, keys/sensors may be intentionally spaced out along a linear slider or for different position resolution e.g. logarithmic.
• [PhilippH02c] Philipp, Harald "Level sensing", US Patent 6,457,355, October 1, 2002
  Capacitive disk electrode sensor determines proximity of liquid water level. When water rises to cover electrode, another electrode higher up on a rod senses further.
• [PhilippH02d] Philipp, Harald "Charge transfer capacitance measurement circuit", US Patent 6,466,036, October 15, 2002
  IC integrated circuit component for capacitive touch sensing, uses pulsed signals to build up charge ("Quantum Technology") to measure capacitance change. Sensor can be multiplexed for multiple sensors.
• [PhilippH02e] Philipp, Hal "QProx White Paper: Charge Transfer Sensing: Spread Spectrum Sensor Technology Blazes New Applications", http://www.qprox.com, archived 2002
  White paper publication by Quantum Research Group of 1997 Hal Philipp article.
• [Picasoft02a] PicaSoft SA "PicaSoft User manual: Handy Scan", PicaSoft SA, France, 2002
  Desktop 3D three-dimensional electromechanical digitizer. Has multiple kinds of stylus tips (round, pointed, flat, etc.) for "scanning" different types of object in 3D, depending on the detail and minutiae of the surface. Windows drivers.
• [Picsel02a] Picsel Inc. "Picsel Viewer for CLIE", http://picsel.com, 2002
  Picsel CLIE Photo and image viewer for Palm OS, has flick/scroll-page gestures. Tap+Press-hold-drag for zoom/unzoom (up and down), internal scroll "throw" gesture. Thumbnails of images age out and go away after a period of time to save memory resources.
• [Pinard03] Pinar, Debbie and Oddy, Douglas "Telephone with Handwriting Recognition", US Patent 6,522,729, February 18, 2003
  Signature verification for cell phone access using a writing touchpad: uses a separate touchpad, not a stylus or pen built into the phone, as some other technologies do.
• [PinhanezCS01a] Pinhanez, Claudio "The Everywhere Displays Projector: A Device to Create Ubiquitous Graphical Interfaces", Proc. UbiComp '01 3rd Intl. Conf. on Ubiquitous Computing, pp. 315..331, Atlanta, Georgia, USA - September 30 .. October 02, 2001
  Display projector with steerable mirror, correction for parallax distortion, with detection of touch/pointing gestures using video camera. Any wall or object surface (e.g. tabletop, whiteboard) interactive touch surface.
• [PocketComputing02] Pocket Computing Museum "Welcome to the Pocket Computing Museum", http://cdecas.free.fr/computers/pocket/museum.htm, 2002
  product: Epson RC-20 WriteWatch with 2000 Bytes (!) storage, handwriting recognition similar to unistroke. product: Kycoera Refalo 1991 double ring binder portable computer, handwriting recognition. product: Casio IF-8000, showing user writing "meeting" on the screen, handwriting calculator, 1980's. product: Sony Magic Link running General Magic MAGIC-CAP OS, office-level metaphor. product: EO Personal communicator, 1994, with phone, fax, etc. product: IBM Simon concept in 1994, personal computer and phone. product: Sharp Power Sarus multimedia hand-held computer with digital camera. product: Sharp MCG-1 communicator (date late 1990s?), includes sketch input, PIM. product: Nokia 9000 communicator: organizer, web, email, GEOS pen-computing touchscreen operating system. product: Casio VDB-100 touchscreen wrist watch, Casio NX-6000 / Planeo pen computer, Z7000 Zoomer GEOS. product: INDEX portable keyboard-less (touchscreen) computer, with FM-Radio receiver: camera?
• [PogueD02a] Pogue, David "Windows XP Home Edition: The Missing Manual", O'Reily, December 2002 (hardcopy book)
  User guide for Windows XP Home Edition. Does not cover Tablet PC extensions, which are built on Windows XP Pro. Earlier version of Microsoft Media Player included channel listing of internet radio stations.
• [PookS01a] Pook, Stuart "Interaction and Context in Zoomable User Interfaces", Doctoral Thesis, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications, Paris, France, 15 June 2001
  Zoomit project. Pop-up/radial context menus. Mentions command compass menus of Momenta.
• [PorrasPA02a] Porras, Phillip Andrew and Valdes, Alfonso "Hierarchical Event Monitoring and Analysis", US Patent 6,484,203, November 19, 2002
  Network intrusion detection by analyzing network traffic, including network errors and packet inspection. Refers to statistical analysis: Compare with invariant condition analysis of Cylant?
• [PostER01a] Post, E. Rehmi; Orth, Margaret; Cooper, Emily; and Smith, Joshua R. "Electrically active textiles and articles made therefrom", US Patent 6,210,771, April 3, 2001
  Conductive yarn fabric, used to connect electronic sensors in wearable clothing. Switch matrix with crossed conductive threads with intervening insulating layer between, conductors pressed together in button-like effect: signals can be multiplexed using timer. (Touchpad matrix). Alternatively projected capacitance, can detect pressure/force. Can use multiple layers to sense velocity/speed of touch. Using P and N materials, contact point are diodes: prevents unaddressed rows ("ghost points": compare with Kaplow?). Capacitive touchpad sensing using mutual/projected capacitance via "bridging" (compare with Rekimoto?).
• [PoupyrevI02a] Poupyrev, Ivan; Maruyama, Shigeaki; and Rekimoto, Jun "Ambient Touch: Designing Tactile Interfaces for Handheld Devices", Proc. UIST '02, Paris, France, October 27..30, 2002, pp. 51..60
  TouchEngine: small vibrotactile actuator for PDAs, multi-layered piezoelectric actuator for haptic feedback. Also TiltEngine tilt sensor for tilting user interface ("tilting interfaces not entirely satisfactory").
• [PoupyrevI02b] Poupyrev, Ivan; Maruyama, Shigeaki; and Rekimoto, Jun "TouchEngine: A Tactile Display for Handheld Devices", Proc. CHI '02, April 20..25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp. 644..645
  TouchEngine: small piezoelectric vibrotactile actuator for PDAs, multi-layered piezoelectric actuator for haptic feedback. Force felt by user is time-derivative of actuator momentum, so faster actuator motion results in stronger force feedback.
• [PoupyrevI03a] Poupyrev, Ivan; and Maruyama, Shigeaki "Tactile Interface for Small Touch Screens", Proc. UIST '03, Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp. 217-220
  Tactile/haptic feedback to button presses on touchscreen: actuator is only on screen itself, not on whole device, so that actions on simulated buttons feel more like actual buttons, etc. Click, touch, takes into account "lift-off" outside of button as a form of Undo gesture.
• [PressureProfileSystems03a] Pressure Profile Systems Inc. "The Capacitive Difference: What is Capacitive Pressure Sensing?", http://pressureprofile.com, February 2, 2003
  Air-gap tactile pressure sensors / touchpad. Top surface is elastic (Kapton) membrane, pressed into air gap with lower layer of matrix grid.
• [PrevelakisV01a] Prevelakis, Vassilis and Spinellis, Diomidis "Sandboxing Applications", Proc. USENIX Annual Technical Conf., 2001, pp. 119..126
  Sandboxing of suspected/malicious applications by setting up limited filesystem. Seems to assume that malicious software/malware only operates via files.
• [PriceSD02a] Price, Scott D.; McClung, Mark T.; and Hutt, Ronald K. "Hinged housings for electronic devices", US Patent 6,377,444, April 23, 2002
  Single-axis hinge for any electronic device, such as a laptop with flip-up/foldable display section. Can be rotated to many positions, to 270 degrees. Mentions belt mounting clip.
• [QinS01a] Qin, Sheng-feng; Wright, David K.; and Jordanov, Ivan N. "On-Line Segmentation of Freehand Sketches by Knowledge-Based Nonlinear Thresholding Operations", Jnl. Pattern Recognition, Vol 34 No 10, pp. 1885-1893, 2001
  Segmentation of free-hand sketches (from tablet) based on corner points and eight-directional chain code.
• [QualiLife02] QualiLife SA "QualiEye User's Manual", www.qualilife.com, 2002
  Pointing device using head motion: assistive technology device to replace mouse/tablet. Compare with Don Drumm "Orb" device which used head tilt and simple speaking tube for mouse clicks, rather than head rotation for both position and clicks.
• [Quantum01a] Quantum Research Group Ltd. "Quantum QT60161 16 Key QMatrix Keypanel Sensor IC Datasheet", Quantum Research Datasheet QT60161 (preliminary), 2001
  Controller for 16-key / 16-pad keypad/keypanel capacitive touch sensors. Mutual/side-by-side touch sensors, electrode geometries can be interdigitated, interleaved/serpentine, spiral interleaved. Hysteresis for signal levels, drift compensation for water drops / ungrounded conductive objects. Automatic adjacent key suppression (across entire panel).
• [Quantum01b] Quantum Research Group Ltd. "Quantum QT60320C 32-Key QMatrix Charge-Transfer IC", Quantum Research Group Ltd., 2001
  Quantum QT60320CMicrocontroller 32-key capacitive touch buttons, charge-transfer measurement of capacitance, "transverse charge-transfer" using X/Y matrix grid of 8 X drive lines and 4 Y sense lines, counts number of bursts. Recommends grounding unselected Y lines. Effects of water/moisture avoided by keeping Y sense lines to very short dwell time. Self-calibrating: on power up, establishes reference signal baseline without touch. Y sense line should be shielded from finger. Baseline drift compensation asymmetric with slow attack, faster decay (when finger is removed), plus hysteresis to avoid key bounce. Noise filtering (spikes?).
• [Quantum01c] Quantum Research Group Ltd. "Quantum QT60325C, QT60485B, QT60645B 32, 48, 64-Key QMatrix Keypanel ICs", Quantum Research Group Ltd., 2001
  Quantum QT60320CMicrocontroller 32/48/64-key capacitive touch buttons, charge-transfer measurement of capacitance, "transverse charge-transfer" using X/Y matrix grid of 8 X drive lines and 4 Y sense lines, counts number of bursts. Recommends grounding unselected Y lines. Effects of water/moisture avoided by keeping Y sense lines to very short dwell time. Self-calibrating: on power up, establishes reference signal baseline without touch. Y sense line should be shielded from finger. Baseline drift compensation asymmetric with slow attack, faster decay (when finger is removed), limited to when below threshold, plus hysteresis to avoid key bounce. Noise filtering (spikes?).
• [Quantum02a] Quantum Research "Quantum Research Application Note: QMatrix Panel Design Guidelines", Quantum Research Application Note AN-KD01, 10 October 2002
  Matrix scanning touch panel / touchscreen for touch keyboards: keys need not correspond to matrix crossings, can be anywhere, varying shape/size. Electrode pairs, touch/proximity changes capacitive coupling between pairs. Gives options on electrode design: pairs of electrodes in parallel, series, spirals. Grounding unused traces nearby may worsen performance due to additional coupling to ground (e.g. with moisture/water). Cites to 3M as supply of adhesive sheets for attaching membrane keyboards.
• [Quantum02b] Quantum Research Group "Quantum QProx QT160 / QT161 6 Key Charge-Transfer QTouch Sensor IC", Quantum Research Group, 2002
  Controllers for capacitive proximity/touch sensing, up to six inputs, for any metal/conductive objects. Continuous self-calibration, comparison with reference capacitor. Adjacent key suppression for weak key inputs. Electrode can be sparse mesh, high space-to-conductor ratio (open area ratio). Option of virtual capacitive ground. Mentions "free space" capacitance / self-capacitance to ground. Adjacent conductors as shielding for fringe fields.
• [Quantum02c] Quantum Research Group "Quantum Research QT60320C 32-Key QMatrix Charge-Transfer IC", Quantum Research Group, 2002
  Controllers for capacitive proximity/touch sensing, up to 32 inputs, for capacitive buttons of any/mixed sizes. Continuous self-calibration. Can subtract charge to prevent overflow on measurement from large high-capacitance interdigitated buttons: high Cs capacitance has side effect of reducing cross-talk on Y sense lines. Multi-touch / N-key rollover (sense all 32 inputs). General purpose output lines for controlling LEDs, buzzers, etc.
• [RabaeyJM03a] Rabaey, Jan M. "Digital Integrated Circuits, 2nd Edition", Prentice Hall, 2003
  Undergraduate textbook on digital circuit design. Description of half-adders and adders from logic/boolean elements.
• [RafiiA03a] Rafii, Abbas; Bamji, Cyrus; Kareemi, Nazim; and Shivji, Shiraz "Method and Apparatus for Entering Data Using a Virtual Input Device", US Patent 6,614,422, September 2, 2003
  Virtual touchscreen / projected keyboard: Printed registration codes, or project image with registration codes (compare Anoto) of a virtual keyboard on a desktop from a PDA/smartphone, user typing detected using 3D positional information. Camera used to determine position on touch surface. Z location determined from (slower) processing of successive frames. Suggests audio or other feedback (e.g. name of character typed), automatic correction for drift of user's typing position. Assigned to Canesta (commercial product).
• [RambaldiR01a] Rambaldi, Robeerto; Tartagni, Marco; Kovaks-Vajna, Zsolt Miklos; and Manaresi, Nicoco "Touchpad computer input system and method", US Patent 6,292,173, September 18, 2001
  Subtract (centroids of) one fingerprint/contact image from one at later time, deltas to to generate joystick information. Effectively computes change in pressure (pseudo-pressure) from contact area on touchscreen. Also integration of fingerprint sensor into touchscreen.
• [RazaviB01a] Razavi, Behzad "Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits", McGraw-Heill, 2001
  Undergraduate textbook on analog circuit design, focusing on CMOS components. Differential amplifiers, passive and active current mirrors, noise, switched-capacitor circuits (A/D converters, sample-and-hold, etc.).
• [ReadJC03a] Read, Janet C.; MacFarlane, Stuart; and Casey, Chris ""Good enough for what?" Acceptance of Handwriting Recognition Errors by Child Users", Proc. 2003 Conf. on Interactive Design for Children, poster paper, page 155
  Wizard-of-Oz study (simulated recognition): brighter children were consistently less satisfied with the same recognition performance than less-bright children. Acceptable performance seemed to be around 91%. Contrast with LaLomia study for adults.
• [ReillyJR03a] Reilly, John R. "Remote Computer Display using Grapics Primitives Sent Over a Wireless Link", US Patent 6,580,422, June 17, 2003
  Remote display connected wirelessly (WIFI/optical/etc.), portable device sends graphics primitives/command rendered remotely.
• [RekimotoJ01a] Rekimoto, Jun "GestureWrist and GesturePad: Unobtrusive Wearable Interaction Devices", Proc. ISWC '01, 5th Int. Symp. on Wearable Computers, Page 21
  Capacitive sensors on wrist and elbow to recognize hand gestures, sensor wearable on clothes for sensing positions of fingers for one-handed gestures and typing. See also SmartSkin, and Smith paper "Electric Field Sensing For Graphical Interfaces".
• [RekimotoJ02a] Rekimoto, Jun "SmartSkin: An Infrastructure for Freehand Manipulation on Interactive Surfaces", Proc. CHI 2002, April 20-25, 2002, Minneapolis Minnesota
  Multi-touch touchpad capacitive digitizer in a table surface (tabletop), uses both position and distance of hand to surface to simulate manipulation of objects projected visually from overhead (e.g. playing cards). Second prototype is tablet/pad size. Can be flexible, make any surface not even flat touch-sensitive. Hand-gesture recognition, bimanual (haptic) interface. Videos of the two prototypes in use, showing UI uses for multiple finger touches, gestures, proximity. Potential field interaction: objects repelled by proximity of hands or arms, sweeping gesture without contact (compare with Wilson optical flowfield?). Can detect shape of objects (e.g. hands) on touchpad/touchscreen.
• [RekimotoJ02b] Rekimoto, Jun "Smartskin Demo: tablet-sized multi-touch capable device (2002-2003)", Sony Laboratories, 2002. Available on http://youtube.com, fetched 2014
  Brief demo of Rekimoto multi-touch touchpad capacitive digitizer tablet, showing multi-touch/multi-finger move/rotate of multiple objects.
• [RekimotoJ02c] Rekimoto, Junichi and Matsushita, Nobuyuki "Information Input Apparatus", US Patent 6,414,672, July 2, 2002
  Infra-red sensors behind projection touchscreen detect fingers proximate to screen. Multi-touch, multi-body input. Alternatively, infrared projecting stylus. Also describes data tablet (touch-table), proximity sensor for a wall, project images (route maps) when user moves by. Compare with Microsoft Surface?
• [RekimotoJ02d] Rekimoto, Jun "SmartSkin: An Infrastructure for Freehand Manipulation on Interactive Surfaces", https://www.sonycsl.co.jp/person/rekimoto/smartskin/, 2002
  Web project posting to go with CHI 2002 article, same title. Multi-touch touchpad capacitive digitizer in a table surface (tabletop), uses both position and distance of hand to surface to simulate manipulation of objects projected visually from overhead (e.g. playing cards). Second prototype is tablet/pad size. Hand-gesture recognition, bimanual (haptic) interface. Videos of the two prototypes in use, showing UI uses for multiple finger touches, gestures, proximity. Potential field interaction: objects repelled by proximity of hands or arms, sweeping gesture without contact (compare with Wilson optical flowfield?). Can detect shape of objects (e.g. hands) on touchpad/touchscreen.
• [RekimotoJ02e] Rekimoto, Jun "Rekimoto SmartSkin: Youtube videos", Jun Rekimoto, 2002
  Collection of videos demonstrating Rekimoto SmartSkin on http://youtube.com, several posted by Bill Buxton as early multi-touch demonstration.
• [RekimotoJ03a] Rekimoto, Jun "ThumbSense: Automatic Input Mode Sensing for Touchpad-based Interactions", Proc. CHI 2003, April 5-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, pp. 852-853
  On computers with a touchpad, ThumbSense: Two keyboard keys (F and J) used as mouse buttons when user's thumb touches touchpad. User need not remove hands from typing position. Touching touchpad can also work with further keyboard keys: e.g. ALT-TAB becomes radial pop-up menu. Can also use symmetric matches of keys for left and right hand both to have mouse buttons. In essence, turns touchpad into virtual 36-button mouse or digitizer puck.
• [RekimotoJ03b] Rekimoto, Jun; Ishizawa, Takaaki; Schwesig, Carsten; and Oba, Haruo "PreSense: Interaction Techniques for Finger Sensing Input Devices", Proc. UIST '03, Vancouver Canada 2003, pp. 203-212
  Combined proximity touchscreen/ keypad/small keyboard input device: user can do gestures over/on keypad e.g. swipe, or gesture in conjunction with key e.g. press key then swipe off, or swipe with other finger. Two-finger (two-thumb) typing on same multitouch keypad. For limited size devices. Also preview commands when user places finger near/on key, actuate command when key pressed. tap-and-hold versus press-and-hold (2 touches vs. 1). Compare with Casio 8000 touch-pad/key-pad calculator, 1986? Three input states of PreSense/Preview (compare with peek-and-pop?): via finger-pressure thresholds. Haptic feedback press feeling via piezo-actuator.
• [RekimotoJ03c] Rekimoto, Jun; Ishizawa, Takaaki; and Oba, Haruo "SmartPad: A Finger-Sensing Keypad for Mobile Interaction", Proc. CHI 2003, April 5-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
  Combined proximity touchscreen/keypad/small keyboard input device. For limited size devices. Touch gestures over/on keypad/keyboard e.g. swipe, virtual job (circular gesture). Preview commands when user places finger near/on key, actuate command when key pressed: useful when keypad is modal (e.g. TV remote control OR telephone OR text input), user can see command before committing. Compare button gestures with Casio 8000 touch-pad/key-pad calculator with handwriting recognition on keypad, 1986?
• [ResmanMF02a] Resman, Mark F. "Touch-Sensitive Input Screen having Regional Sensitivity and Resolution Properties", US Patent 6,459,424, October 1, 2002
  Capacitive/Resistive touch screen that is less sensitive at regions or at edges, to achieve palm rejection. Or less sensitive at edges, used as scrolling area. Sensitivity in the regions may be programmable (by doing coarse scan only), or fixed during manufacture.
• [RhoadsGB02a] Rhoads, Geoffrey B. "Methods and systems for watermark processing of line art images", US Patent 6,449,377, September 10, 2002
  Steganographic (invisible) watermark/data-encoding in line drawings (bank notes) by encoding data in variance of line width, offset/position, luminance, etc. of lines. Digimarc, see also 5,850,481. Compare with Dataglyphs?
• [RichardsonT03a] Richardson, Tristan "The RFB Protocol, Version 3.7", RealVNC Ltd., August 12, 2003
  RFB protocol: "remote framebuffer" communications protocol definition for VNC Virtual Network Computer remote-desktop. Stateless protocol allows mobility of client remote KVM device. Client requests for updates, to adapts to slower connections. Mentions pen-based handwriting recognition generating keyboard events, but no explicit support for handwriting/stylus gestures: compare with PenCept/CIC? Message format with header, support for color maps. Cursor can be handled locally at remote client.
• [RingelM01a] Ringer, Meredith; Berg, Henry; and Jin, Yuhui "Barehands: Implement-free Interaction with a Wall-Mounted Display", Proc. CHI 2001 Extended Abstracts, 2001, pp. 367..368
  Behind-screen video camera (IR) used to recognize hand gestures / postures in front of a whiteboard. Uses back-projected SMART Board touch-sensing display whiteboard as projection display surface. Gestures mapped to mouse events. References HoloWall.
• [RobbinsSJ01a] Robbins, Steven John "Display Method for selectively rotating windows on a computer display", US Patent 6,326,978, December 4, 2001
  Rotate a GUI window that has a frame.
• [RobothamJS02a] Robotham, John S. and Johnson, Charles Lee "Gesture-Based User Interface to Multi-Level and Multi-Modal Sets of Bit-Maps", US Patent Application 2002/0015064, February 7, 2002
  Mouse emulation using stylus gestures dependent on time: press-and-hold, includes animated cursors as feedback.
• [RogersJA02a] Rogers, John A. and Bao, Zhenan "Printed Plastic Electronics and Paperlike Displays", Jnl. Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 40, 3327-3334 (2002)
  Flexible, transparent electronics using organic semiconductors, including thin-film FETs field-effect transistors. Features on the order of 2 micrometers. One use is flexible paper-like displays.
• [RohlikO01a] Rohlik, Ondrej; Mautner, Pavel; Matousek, Vaclav; and Kempf, Jürgen "A New Approach to Signature Verification: Digital Data Acquisition Pen", Proc. SoftCOM 2001, Spilt; Neural Network World vol 11 no 5, 2001, pp. 493..501
  Signature-verification/authentication pen: accelerometers in tip, pressure/tip-force sensor in body. Compare with Crane accelerometer pen? (Not cited). File includes presentation slides.
• [RohlikO03a] Rohlik, Ondrej; Mautner, Pavel; Matousek, Vaclav; and Kempf, Jürgen "The new text and graphical input device: compact biometrical data acquisition pen", Human-Computer Interaction, IOS Press, 2003, pp. 872..875
  Signature-verification/authentication pen: accelerometers in tip, pressure/tip-force sensor in body. See 2001 paper.
• [RoschWL03a] Rosch, Winn L. "Hardware Bible, 6th edition: Your complete guide to all PCs and all peripherals", Que Publishing, 2003 (hardcopy book)
  Chapter 21 pointing devices. States that higher resolution mouse is faster, not more accurate: limit on accuracy is human pointing with hand. TrackPad. TrackPoint isometric joystick. Also keyboard (Dvorak, etc.).
• [RosenbergLB01a] Rosenberg, Louis B. and Brave, Scott B. "Method for providing force feedback to a User of an Interface Device based on Interactions of a Controlled Cursor with Graphical Elements in a Graphical User Interface", US Patent 6,219,032, April 17, 2001
  Active haptic feedback in a touchpad. Very extensive prior art listing, including tele-operation and time delays back to 1980's.
• [RosenbergLB02a] Rosenberg, Louis B. and Riegel, R. "Haptic Feedback for Touchpads and Other Touch Controls", US Patent 6,429,846, August 6, 2002
  Active haptic feedback in a touchpad. Vibration and pulse feedback.
• [RowleyH02] Rowley, Henry; Bennett, John; Goyal, Manish "The Effect of Large Training Set Sizes on Online Japanese Kanji and English Cursive Recognizers", Eighth Int'l Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition IWFHR '02, June 13, 2002, pp 26-ff
  Larger training sets results in better recognition. Training set was hand-tuned, so that infrequently-used letters were not undertrained.
• [RubioJM02a] Rubio, Jose Moreno and Janecek, Paul "Floating Pie Menus: Enhancing the functionality of Contextual Tools", Proc. UIST '02, 2002, Demonstrations Companion, pp. 39-40
  Pie menus (marking menus) made transparent and floating/movable, so that user can see tools underneath. Also menus can be "locked" open, so that user can make additional selections/adjustments without having to go through entire menu hierarchy again. Compare with tear-off menus?
• [RudolphL02a] Rudolph, Larry "PADCAM: A Real-Time Human-Centric Notetaking System", Project announcement, M.I.T. Industrial Liason Program, https://ilp.mit.edu/node/37088, May 5, 2002
  Proposal for electronic-ink note-taking application to show dynamics of notes/sketches. Combine with speech recognition to "improve" text/handwriting recognition results. Compare with PenPoint, Anoto?
• [RumboJA02a] Rumbo, James A. "Capacitive operator-sensing circuit for disabling engine of mobile power equipment", US Patent 6,501,281, December 31, 2002
  Capacitive touch/proximity sensor safety switch: shuts down motor if user is absent / present. (A particularly noise-ridden application). Cites to Philipp '97 article on capacitive sensing with differential measurement.
• [RyuuzakiM02a] Ryuuzaki, Masanori "Notebook Personal Computer Machine", US Patent 6,449,146, September 10, 2002
  Laptop computer with swing-out stereo speakers on display. Volume controls on lateral sides of base. Mousepad/touchpad shown in figures, not called out in text.
• [RyzhovAO03a] Ryzhov, Aleksandr O. "Semi-transparent display of a dragging object", UK Patent Applcation GB2383511A, June 25, 2003
  Render dragged object as semi-transparent during drag operation. Implementation by hooking/sub-classing standard Java API calls.
• [SalasP01a] Salas, Pito; Beir, Jeffrey; Leffler, Melissa; Glenn, McDonald; Kleppner, Paul; Morrissey, Craig; and Tonra, James E. Jr. "Method and apparatus for controlling access to a product", US Patent 6,314,408 November 6, 2001
  Project management and organization system.
• [SandbachDL02a] Sandbach, David L. "Detector constructed from fabric having non-uniform conductivity", US Patent 6,369,804, April 9, 2002
  Touch detectors (touchpad) composed of wires woven into fabric (flexible mesh): resistive sheet determines X/Y position on a sensor by voltage gradient, and mechanical force, alternative uses multiple sensors for detecting multi-touch input. See also ElekTex for fabric touch-sensor keyboard.
• [SandbachDL02b] Sandbach, David L. "Detector constructed from fabric", US Patent 6,452,479, September 17, 2002
  Touch detectors (touchpad) two resistive layer composed of wires woven into fabric (flexible mesh), separated by insulating mesh layer with openings.
• [SandbachDL02c] Sandbach, David L. "Detector constructed from fabric using measured current to determine pressure", US Patent 6,501,465, December 31, 2002
  Touch detectors (touchpad) two resistive layer composed of wires woven into fabric (flexible mesh), separated by conductive layer: appears to be woven mesh instead of resistive sheet? Force/pressure determined by contact resistance or current between two layers, as more of the two layers are pressed together over larger area. Implies multi-touch. Resistivity can be made non-uniform by varying density of conductive mesh of threads, or by printing additional conductive material onto detector.
• [SarmaMS01a] Sarma, Mulikutla S. "Introduction to Electrical Engineering", Oxford University Press, 2001
  Textbook on electrical engineering: Node voltage and mesh current analysis, Kirchhoff's Laws, lumped-circuit elements, operational amplifiers, electromagnetics, control systems. Differential input to operational amplifiers and common-mode rejection. Differential op-amps: charge-to-charge amplifier, negative impedance/resistance converters. Section on analog computers.
• [SatoY01a] Sato, Yasuhiro; Inoue, Takao; Fujisawa, Etsuko; Kitaguchi, Takashi; Furuta, Tshiyuki; Murata, Norihiko; and Shingyouchi, Mitsuru "Pen-shaped handwriting input apparatus using accelerometers and gyroscopes and an associated operational device for determining pen movement", US Patent 6,229,102, May 8, 2001
  Accelerometer and gyroscope pen/stylus. Compare with Crane SRI accelerometer pen? Translation from pen/stylus coordinates to "gravity" coordinate. See also 5,902,968.
• [SatoY02a] Sato, Yoichi and Koike, Hideki "Real-time Tracking of Multiple Fingertips and Gesture Recognition for Augmented Desk Interface Systems", Proc. 5th IEEE Int'l. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FGR 2002), 20..21 May 2002, Washington, D.C., USA DOI: 10.1109/AFGR.2002.1004191
  Camera/visual tracking of fingertips for multi-touch gestures on desktop. Cites to Wellner. Circular, square, triangular, rectangular gestures with one or more fingers, including directions of component stroke.
• [SaundE03a] Saund, Eric and Lank, Edward "Stylus Input and Editing Without Prior Selection of Mode", Proc. UIST '03, 2003, Vancouver BC, pp. 213..216
  Drawing/gesture mode in sketch application: system recognizes gesture automatically, pops up dialog box to confirm. If dialog box ignored, continues in sketch mode.
• [Sazawal02] Sazawal, Vibha; Want, Roy and Borriello, Gaetano "The Unigesture Approach: One-Handed Text Entry for Small Devices", Proc. 4th Intl. Symp. on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction, 2002
  Tilt-to-write: not writing with a stylus, but tilt hand-held unit (e.g. PDA, phone) to select character from circular menus in zones: compare to Quikwriting, etc. Intended for use in one-hand hand-held devices, not for writing.
• [ScanlanT01a] Scanlan, Timothy "Background Paper on Pen-Based Computing", Available at www.ring-writer.com, published 2001
  Background to ring-writer: Expectations for pen-computing starting with PenPoint and Pen Windows not realized. Mentions EO, Active Book, Newton PDA. Apple iBook (clamshell PC). PenWindows gave pen-computing a bad reputation, after elegant PenPoint. Proposes that mobile (hand-held) computers fail because neither handwriting recognition nor voice (speech) recognition will work well enough: Linear-X writing system of ring-writer: pie menu where user draws sequentially though three-letter segments (like phone keypad), software recognizes words from dictionary.
• [SchaerliN01] Schaerli, Nathaniel "Genie - An Introduction", www.iam.unibe.ch/~schaerli/smalltalk/genie/genieIntroduction.htm, 2001
  Gesture and handwriting character recognition in Smalltalk, for the Squeak project coordinated by Alan Kay. Does not give samples of gesture shapes or symbols. Description of symbol dictionaries, but no graphics. 2005 Author moves to Google R&D Lab in Zürich.
• [SchediwyR03a] Schediwy, Richard; Huie, Mark; and Cook, Charles "Capacitive Pointing Stick", US Patent 6,642,847, November 4, 2003
  Joystick pointing device (a.k.a. pointing stick), deflection by capacitive force/displacement/proximity/pressure sensors with spring. May also sense vertical force for 3D input.
• [ScherotterMS01a] Scherotter, Michael S. "The Charette Project", http://home/attbi.com/~mscherotter/RightPane.html, 2001
  "Is There a Need for a Sketch Tablet?" proposal for sketch tablet for architecture applications.
• [SchmidtA02a] Schmidt, Albrecht; Strohbach, Martin; van Laerhoven, Kristof; and Gellersen, Hans-W. "Ubiquitous interaction - using surfaces in everyday environments as pointing devices", Proc. ERCIM'02 User interfaces for all 7th Intl. Conf. on Universal Access, pp. 263..279
  Turn any object surface into touch-sensing (digitizer) surface using force-sensing strain gauges at edges/corners.
• [SchnarelCB02a] Schnarel, Charles B.; Lomelin, Mauricio; Chin, Peter G.; Graham, Derek S.; Welker, Kate; Murdock, Robert C.; Cooper, Justin C.; Golding, Laurecne; and Walsh, Suzanne "Common visual and functional architecture for presenting and controlling arbitrary telephone line features", US Patent 6,389,124, May 14, 2002
  On smartphone (with touchscreen) control windows with UI (call slips) pop up for incoming calls, active calls. Has CIDCO iPhone Screen Phone circa 1999 (touchscreen desktop telephone with web access).
• [SchneidermanR02a] Schneiderman, Ron "The Mobile Technology Question and Answer book: A Survival Guide for Business Managers", American Management Association, 2002 (hardcopy book)
  Business tutorial on wireless, cellular, and other technologies: includes location-based services, Software-defined radio, Smart cards, 3G, wireless PKI.
• [SchneidermanR03a] Schneiderman, Ron "Technology Lost: Hype and Reality in the Digital Age -- Your guide to making better personal and high-tech investment decisions", Prentice-Hall, 2003 (hardcopy book)
  Business tutorial on investment "busts": HDTV, LEO (Low Earth Orbit) telecommunications, home networks, DSL, Voice Recognition, e-books (before Kindle and iPad), smart cards.
• [SchomakerL01a] Schomaker, Lambert "From handwriting analysis to pen-computer applications", Keynote address, IPA ;97, July 17, 1997, Dublin, Ireland. IEE Electronics Comm. Engin. Jnl, vol 10 no 3, pp 93..102, 1998
  Overview of pen computing hardware, cites to Scriptel/IBM pen digitizer tablet on plasma display, electronic paper project. Tablet computers = "slate". States handwriting bandwidth at 10 Hz, maximum handwriting speed 20 words/minute. Finer drawing/position possible with stylus/tablet rather than mouse. Taxonomy of pen-based input: Text (unconstrained handwriting, lineated/lined text, prompted text (terminate with OK box, time-out, or gesture), boxed text, virtual keyboard, electronic/handwritten ink), Command entry (widgets, gestures (position/context dependent/independent), continuous sliders, ink thickness by pressure/force), signature verification. Cites to Unistroke. Characterization of handwriting variability by writing styles.
• [SchomakerL01b] Schomaker, L. "The UNIPEN Project History", Internet posting: http://unipen.nici.kun.nl/unipen-history.html, 2001
  Description of the UNIPEN format (similar to JOT) for a large data collection of handwriting samples for research into recognition, handwriting dynamics, etc.
• [SchomakerL02a] Schomaker, L. "Pen & Mobile Computing: resources", Internet posting: http://hwr.nici.kun.nl/pen-computing/pen-computing-container.html, 2002
  User Interface in Pen Computing; handwriting history; InfoPad; Pen Linux; Paragraph.
• [SchomakerL02b] Schomaker, L. "UNIPEN Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)", Internet posting: http://unipen.nici.kun.nl/unipen-faq.html, 2002
  Collection of handwriting examples for discrete and cursive on-line character character recognition on tablet.
• [SchomakerL02c] Schomaker, L. "UNIPEN hierarchy levels viewed with upview and with upworks", Internet posting: http://unipen.nici.kun.nl/unipen-faq.html, 2002
  Collection of handwriting examples for discrete and cursive on-line character character recognition on tablet: format definition.
• [SchonfeldE02a] Schonfeld, Eric "Are we ready for digital paper?", ZDNet, March 11, 2002
  Skeptical new article on application utility of Anoto patterned paper digitizer: does not mention sound recording for notes, or indexing. Mentions also OTM Technologies, E-Pen inMotion, Digital Ink -- similar patterned technology?
• [SchroeringMA03a] Schroering, Mark A.; Grimm, Cindy M.; and Pless, Robert "A New Input Device for 3D Sketching", https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2837602, April 2003
  3D drawing by having recognizable reference pattern on a drawing surface that can be localized in 3D by camera image (Compare with shape-through-motion), user can then draw 2D sketch on surface and transformed to 3D location. Sample application: cartoon sketching.
• [Schumer02] Schumer, Alfred J. "Schumer vs. LCS/Telegraphics and Wacom", Appellate decision in Schumer vs. LCS/Telegraphics (a.k.a. http://pointing.com) and WACOM, 2002
  WinTab tablet driver with rotation and transformation of virtual tablets, and demultiplexing of input. Compare with Foley 1990 on Windows Input Event Handling. (Additional references also in file.).
• [ScottSD03a] Scott, Stacey D.; Grant, Karen D.; and Mandryk, Regan L. "System guidelines for co-located collaborative work on a tabletop display", Proc. ECSCW'03, European Conf. on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2003, Helsinki, September 14-18, 2003, 20 pages
  Tabletop/whiteboard systems. On tabletop touchscreens, users rotate/reorient objects (windows) for shared viewing, to highlight. Mentions non-oriented user interfaces (no menus or command windows). Importance of synchronous user interaction versus turn-taking. Many citations to tabletop systems.
• [SearsA03a] Sears, Andrew and Zha, Ying "Data Entry for Mobile Devices Using Soft Keyboards: Understanding the Effects of Keyboard Size and User Tasks", Intl. Jnl. Human-Computer Interaction, 2003, vol 16 no 2, pp. 163..184
  With stylus (rather than finger), lift-off actuation only, no substantial difference in soft keyboard target sizes of 2.6, 3.5, and 4.4 mm on hand-held touchscreen. Different results in 1993 study by same authors.
• [Sedaker01a] Sedaker, Steve "WACOM FID Presentation: Tablet PC: Pen input is back!", Flat Information Displays Conf., Stanford Resources, Monterey, California December 12, 2001
  Technology/history review of resistive-film, electrostatic/capacitive, ultrasonic, and electromagnetic digitizers integrated with displays. Asserts that inductive (electromagnetic) digitizer required for hover/proximity (although Scriptel electrostatic did it, perhaps references is restricted to COTS components). Special section on integration problems of electromagnetic digitizer (rear-mounted) with display: inverter noise/EMI shielding, power supply coil on motherboard, edge effects from metal frame. Special laboratory to re-calibrate digitizers incorporated with each display design. Mentions that Tablet PC spec requires proximity.
• [SeelyJ01a] Seely, Joel; Malak, Robert Leonard; Allen, Timothy Peter; Schediwy, Richard Robert; and Cesarotti, William Andrew "Two-layer capacitive touchpad and method of making same", US Patent 6,188,391, February 13, 2001
  Two-layer touchpad: nominally asserts both X and Y / horizontal and vertical sensor electrode traces in one layer, but carbon ink over-traces insulated at crossovers by leaving solder-mask on top of regular copper traces where they would cross over.
• [SekendurO02a] Sekendur, Oral "Optical Position Determination on Plain Paper", US Patent Application 2002/0158848, October 31, 2002
  Similar to Anoto / Bennett / Sekendur, except does not use pre-printed pattern. Instead a CCD camera captures images of the surface as-it-is, and builds up a map of the image of the surface to use instead of the pre-printed pattern. CCD camera for optical digitizer is mounted on a gimbal / universal joint (sic), so as to be able to view the entire surface.
• [SekendurO02b] Sekendur, Oral Faith "Optical Position Determination on Any Surface Paper", US Patent Application 2002/0163511, November 7, 2002
  Similar to Anoto / Bennett / Sekendur, except does not use pre-printed pattern. Instead a CCD camera captures images of the surface as-it-is, and builds up a map of the image of the surface to use instead of the pre-printed pattern. Specifically refers to the surface being the screen on a cell phone. CCD camera for optical digitizer is mounted on a gimbal / universal joint (sic), so as to be able to view the entire surface.
• [SellenAJ02a] Sellen, Abigail J. and Harper, Richard H. R. "The Myth of the Paperless Office", MIT Press, 2002
  Electronic paper / Electronig ink not eliminating physical paper: physical paper has many affordances: portability, note-taking, physical/muscle memory of location in text, physical delivery to a person raises importance of communication over electronic communication, etc. Compare with Anoto references?
• [SellenAJ03a] Sellen, Abigail J. and Harper, Richard H. R. "The Myth of the Paperless Office: Research Summary", MIT Press, 2003
  Summary/outline of 2002 book, with note on laboratory study after book. Electronic paper not eliminating physical paper: physical paper has many affordances: portability, note-taking, physical/muscle memory of location in text, physical delivery to a person raises importance of communication over electronic communication, etc. Lab study mentioned: physical paper book easier to navigate (thumb tabs?) than electronic book: ability with paper (versus electronic ink) to read document non-sequentially. Multiple paper documents can be laid out on desk at chosen pages. Annotation during reading / annotation as a fundamental part of reading. Interweave of reading with annotation/writing/note-taking.
• [SeniorAW02a] Senior, Andrew William "Combined Fingerprint Acquisition and Control Device", US Patent 6,400,836, June 4, 2002
  Multi-touch touchpad/touchpanel, combined fingerprint scanner and pointing device. Allows (near-continuous) (re-)authentication of user whenever using touchpad. Mentions using contact area as surrogate for pressure/force, major axis of fingerprint to determine rotation. By recognizing fingerprint, can also detect rolling of finger. No description of an actual scanner: cites to 4,353,056 for an actual fingerprint scanner.
• [Senseboard02a] Senseboard "Senseboard Virtual Keyboard Modules", Senseboard.com, 2002
  data-glove-like sensors fitting over knuckles and underside base of fingers, used for simulated touch-typing by detecting positions and actions of fingers. No projected image.
• [Sensiva02a] Sensiva Inc. "A New dimension in Encoder Technology / Symbol Commander for Windows", http://sensiva.com, archived 2003/2004, 2002
  Unistroke gestures as symbol commands for tablet/mouse on windows. Compare with recognition macros from Pencept: AutoCad, word processing, etc. See also 1999 reference.
• [SensorsMag02a] Hoffmann, Franz-Josef: Segmann Inc. "A New dimension in Encoder Technology", Sensors Magazine, May 2002
  Review of rotary encoders incremental/absolute, circular barcode for absolute rotary position, sin/cos cycle pattern.
• [SergioM02a] Serio, M.; Manareasi, N.; Tartagni, M.; Guerrieri, R.; and Canegallo, R. "A Textile Based Capacitive Pressure Sensor", IEEE Sensors, vol 2, 2002, pp. 1625..1630
  Techniques for wearable cloth/fabric touchpad sensors: "smart textile" distributed passive array of capacitors. Matrix/cross-wire capacitive touchpad textile, X and Y conductive strips applied to single layer of fabric/cloth, then folded over at plying line for two layers. Woven threads, mix of conductive and isolating fibers. Embroidering with conductive thread using zig-zag pattern to get effective width. Conductive paint on fabric. Routing of physical wires of regular width/diameter through fabric. Refers to variance in non-touching capacitance, and variance in pressure/force effects of compressibility of insulating layer (foam), "fixed pattern noise" as baseline reference values on each pixel (i.e. correction table), algorithmic filtering using reference threshold from rest-position value in correction table. Gamma correction for non-linearities in pressure/force response. Compare multi-touch images examples with Rekimoto?
• [SezginTM01a] Sezgin, Tevfik Metin; Stahovich, Thomas; and Davis, Randal "Sketch Based Interfaces: Early Processing for Sketch Understanding", Proc. PUI 2001, Orlando, Florida, 2001
  Freehand sketch beautification (recognition/understanding) using extrema, speed (velocity?) and curvature to straighten lines. Natural/familiar gestures (e.g. star shape gesture) easier for users than contrived command gestures. No processing for higher-level context, shapes, although examples are taken from simple mechanical design sketches.

[Zytronic02a] Zytronic PLC "Zytronic Zytouch Projected Capacitive Touch Screens", http://Zytronic.com.uk, 2002 and later

Capacitive grid touchscreens using X/Y grid of microfine (.01mm) wires, approximately 16x16 wires for a small display. Additional documents (through 2012: same product line) in electronic file. Support drivers include Windows 95 and Windows 98. Mentions select-on-dwell driver support: press-and-hold.

biblio00 (Prev page)

Main Page

(Next page) biblio05

Mirrors of this page can be found at: http://www.ruetersward.com/pens/biblio03.html http://users.rcn.com/rwservices/pens/biblio03.html http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio03.html http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio03.html

"If your intent is to do something badly,  you have to concentrate just as much as   if you wanted to do it well."                        -- Peter Ustinov,                            about his (unsuccessful)                  attempt to get busted out                 of the British Army.

"Sie hatte den Nagel auf den Kopf getroffen:    fragt sich nur, ob das immer taktvoll ist."        -- Heinrich Boell                                "Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum"

ATGT, Advanced Touchscreen and Gesture Technologies, Android user interfaces, Android, Blue Spike, CV, C.V., Computing, Content Guard, ContentGuard Corporation, D.R.M., DRM, Ericsson, GO Corporation, GO, GUI, GUIs, Google, HCI, HTML, HWX, I.P.R., IDE, IPR, ITO, Java, Jean Renard Ward curriculum vitae, Jean Renard Ward cv, Jean Renard Ward, Jean, Lenovo, Lucent Technologies, Lucent, M.I.T., MULTICS, machine learning, Markman hearing, Markman, Microsoft Surface, Microsoft, Motorola, Networking, Networks, Nokia, Orange Book, PHP, PKI, PTAB, Patent Office, Pen Computing, Pen, Pen-Point, PenPoint, Pencept, Perl, Python, RSA, Renard, Samsung, Tablet Computing, Tablet PC, Technologies, Touchscreen Computing, U.S.P.T.O., UI toolkits, UI, USPTO, WIMP, Ward, Windows for Pen Computing, Windows, accessibility computing, accessibility technology, accessibility, acoustic touchscreen, alpha blending, analysis, assistive technologies, asymmetric key cryptography, asymmetric-key cryptography, authentication, biometric authentication, biometrics, blind, capacitance, capacitive sensor, certificate, character recognition, claims analysis, claims chart, claims construction, coding, color maping, color mapping, composite video, computer access, computer graphics, computer input device, computer mice, computer mouse, computer pointing device, computer security, computer, conductive film, consultant curriculum vitae, consultant cv, consultant, contact sensor, content management, content security, controllers, copy protection, copy-protection, cryptanalysis, cryptographic mask, cryptographic protocol, curriculum vitae, curriculum, cv, data authentication, data encryption, data entry, data structures, deposition, detection, digital certificate, digital encryption, digital rights management, digital rights, digital signature, digital signatures, digital, electro-vibration, electronic display instrument, electronic document, electronic pen, electronic signature, electronic, electrovibration, encryption, expert report, expert witness curriculum vitae, expert witness cv, expert witness, expert, feedback, finger gestures, fingerprint scanner, firmware, for, gesture recognition, gestures, graphical user interfaces, graphics, hand gestures, hand-held, handheld device, handheld mobile device, handheld, handwriting recognition, haptic feedback, haptic, haptics, hashing, human-computer interaction, iPad, iPhone, inadvertent touch, indium tin oxide, input devices, input techniques, intellectual property, inter-partes review, interaction techniques, interactive surfaces, interface, international patent litigation experience, kinetic scrolling, light pen, lightpen, litigation support, litigation, malware detection, malware, managements, micropattern, mobile computing mobile device input, mobile computing, mobile device input, mobile devices, mobile keyboard, mobile user interfaces, momentum scrolling, mouse, multi-touch, multitouch, mutual capacitance, mutual capacitive, network security, on-screen keyboard, one-finger gesture, palm rejection, patent litigation, patent, patents, pen gestures, pen interfaces, pen, phone user interfaces, pinch-to-zoom, pointing device, pointing devices, position sensor, position-sensing interactive display terminal, position sensor, post-WIMP user interfaces, power management, programming environments, programming, projected capacitance, projected capacitive, proximity sensor, proximity sensors, proximity, public key encryption, public-key encryption, resistive, rights, root-kit, rootkit, rootkits, screen display, screen door transparency, screen reader, screen-door transparency, screen-reader, screenreader, scroll gesture, scrolling, security, self capacitance, self capacitive, sensors, signature verification, signatures, single-finger gesture, slide-to-unlock, smartphone user interface, smartphone user interfaces, smartphone, source code analysis, source code, source-code analysis, source-code, sourcecode analysis, sourcecode, stroke gestures, styli, stylus, symmetric-key cryptography, table-top computing, tablet controller, tablet controllers, tablet hardware, tablet, tabletop computing, tablets, tactile sensor, testimony, text entry, touch detection, touch gestures, touch input device, touch screen devices, touch input, touch pad, touch screen devices, touch screen input, touch screen, touch screens, touch sensor, touch sensors, touch strip, touch tracking, touch, touch-pad, touch-screen, touch-sensitive screen, touch-strip, touchpad, touchscreen gestures, touchscreen graphics, touchscreen, touchstrip, transparent conductor, transparent film, trial, trojan, user interface design, user interface patents, user interface software, user interface technology, user interface, user interfaces, user, vibrotactile, virtual keyboard, visual programming, visually impaired, visually-impaired, vitae, web design, web user interfaces, window managers, witness, zoom gesture,